Flowers in tri-trophic systems: mechanisms allowing selective exploitation by insect natural enemies for conservation biological control
Flowers in tri-trophic systems: mechanisms allowing selective exploitation by insect natural enemies for conservation biological control
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1003627130449
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发表时间：
1999-04-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Meats, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baggen, LR;Gurr, GM;Meats, A
许多昆虫与某些被子植物类群共同进化，充当传粉者。然而，这种花的花蜜和花粉也被其他昆虫广泛食用，包括食虫物种。保护性生物防治试图通过提高农业生态系统中花蜜和花粉丰富的植物的可用性来最大限度地发挥这些天敌对作物害虫的影响。这种方法的一个风险是害虫也可能从食物资源中受益。我们表明，一些植物的花（即，荞麦、荞麦和莳萝、香叶草（Anethum graveolens L.），和蚕豆（Vicia faba L.）对Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard（膜翅目：切蛾科）及其寄主马铃薯害虫Phthorimaea operculella Zeller（鳞翅目：麦蛾科）均有益。与此相反，Phacelia（Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth）和旱金莲属（Tropaeanummajus L.）只有寄生蜂受益。用金莲花和金莲花的花笼养大蚕蛾成虫，其雌、雄寿命、产卵寿命、产卵量、平均产卵率和死亡时卵巢中的卵数均不高于不带花和水的对照处理。与对照相比，当允许蛾进入莳萝、荞麦或蚕豆花外蜜腺时，所有上述措施都增加了。这种“选择性”有可能使花卉资源在养护生物控制中的利用更具战略性。我们目前的形态和观测证据来说明这些机制可能如何运作。
Many insects have coevolved with certain angiosperm taxa to act as pollinators. However, the nectar and pollen from such flowers is also widely fed upon by other insects, including entomophagous species. Conservation biological control seeks to maximise the impact of these natural enemies on crop pests by enhancing availability of nectar and pollen-rich plants in agroecosystems. A risk with this approach is that pests may also benefit from the food resource. We show that the flowers of some plants (viz., buckwheat, Fagopyron esculentum Moench and dill, Anethum graveolens L.), and the extrafloral nectaries of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) benefit both Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its host, the potato pest, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). In contrast, phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth) and nasturtium (Tropaeoleum majus L.) benefited only the parasitoid. When adult moths of P. operculella were caged with flowers of phacelia or nasturtium, longevity of males and females, egg laying life, fecundity, average oviposition rate, and number of eggs in ovaries at death were no greater than in the control treatment with access to shoots without flowers plus water. All the foregoing measures were increased compared to the control when the moths were allowed access to dill, buckwheat or faba bean extrafloral nectaries. Such `selectivity' has the potential to make the use of floral resources in conservation biological control more strategic. We present morphometric and observational evidence to illustrate how such mechanisms may operate.