Crafting nature: the Galapagos and the making and unmaking of a "natural laboratory"
Crafting nature: the Galapagos and the making and unmaking of a "natural laboratory"
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打造自然：加拉帕戈斯群岛以及“自然实验室”的建立和毁灭
DOI：
10.2458/v16i1.21695
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Quiroga
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Quiroga
自从查尔斯·达尔文对加拉帕戈斯群岛的著名访问以来，这个群岛在西方人的想象中作为一个可以研究和理解进化过程的地方而名声鹊起。在联合国教科文组织和其他国际组织及大学的支持下，关注加拉帕戈斯群岛动植物收集和分类的科学家于1959年创建了查尔斯·达尔文基金会。同年，厄瓜多尔政府成立了加拉帕戈斯国家公园，负责保护该群岛97%的陆地面积。国民生产总值从一开始就寻求恢复退化的生态系统，从而打造一个“自然实验室”。保护群岛动植物的部分计划包括建立一个大型旅游业，以从一个岛到另一个岛的游轮为基础。自然资源保护主义者在20世纪80年代和90年代的工作重点是保护加拉帕戈斯群岛周围的海洋，控制和管理海参、龙虾和鲨鱼的捕捞。当地居民，特别是渔民，抵制政府、自然资源保护主义者和蓬勃发展的强大旅游业所做的努力，这些努力强加了全球化的保护战略和话语，并控制和限制了当地居民的活动。他们发展了新的抵抗、拨款和谈判形式来对付政府和不同的保护组织。随着采掘活动成为非法和犯罪行为，随着渔业从经济角度来看变得不那么重要，包括渔民在内的当地人民开始将旅游业视为一种重要的替代经济追求。在1990年代后期，新的决策机构强调协商一致，并在加拉帕戈斯海洋保护区建立了一个参与性管理制度。然而，这些有机体并不是完全成功的，冲突和紧张在它们诞生后再次出现。尽管他们参与了这些生物，但许多当地人感到被忽视和边缘化，许多管理者和保护主义者认为当地人，特别是渔民一直在滥用制度和管理程序。“加拉帕戈斯悖论”产生于这样一个过程：使加拉帕戈斯群岛吸引科学家、自然资源保护主义者和游客注意的条件，正因其声誉的成功以及居民和游客数量的增加而处于危险之中。这些游客和居民威胁着群岛的孤立，而这对保持岛屿的独特性至关重要。关键词：加拉帕戈斯群岛；国家公园；保护；
Since Charles Darwin's famous visit to the Galapagos the reputation of the archipelago has been growing in the Western imagination as a place where one can study and understand evolutionary processes. Scientists who were concerned with collecting and classifying animals and plants from the Galapagos, with the support of UNESCO and other international organizations and universities, created the Charles Darwin Foundation in 1959. That same year, the Ecuadorian Government founded the Galapagos National Park, in charge of protecting 97% of the Archipelago's terrestrial area. Since its beginning the GNP sought to restore degraded ecosystems and thus craft a "natural laboratory". Part of the plan to protect the flora and fauna of the Islands included the creation of a large tourism industry based on cruises that go from island to island. Conservationists' efforts in the 1980s and 1990s focused on protecting the oceans around the Galapagos and controlling and managing fishing for sea cucumbers, lobsters and sharks. Local people, and in particular the fishermen, resisted the efforts made by the government, conservationists, and the booming and powerful tourism industry, to impose a globalized conservation strategy and discourse and to control and limit local residents' activities. They developed new forms of resistance, appropriation and negotiation to deal with the government and the different conservation organizations. As extractive activities became illegal and criminalized and as fishing became less important from an economic point of view, local people, including the fishermen, began to view tourism as an important alternative economic pursuit. During the late 1990s new decision making bodies emphasized consensus and instituted a participatory management system in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. These organisms were not entirely successful, however, and conflicts and tensions reemerged after their creation. Despite their participation in these organisms, many local people felt ignored and marginalized while many managers and conservationists felt that locals, and especially the fishermen, had been abusing the system and the management process. The "Galapagos Paradox" results from a process by which the very same conditions that cause the Galapagos to attract the attention of scientists, conservationists and of tourists, are being put at risk by the success of its reputation and the increasing number of residents and visitors. These visitors and residents threaten the isolation of the archipelago, which has been critical in maintaining the uniqueness of the islands. Key words: Galapagos, national park, conservation, resistance, fishing.