The 'rhinofication' of South African security
The 'rhinofication' of South African security
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DOI：
10.1111/1468-2346.12141
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发表时间：
2014-07-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Smith, M. L. R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Humphreys, Jasper;Smith, M. L. R.
南非的犀牛偷猎危机提出了一个问题，即应该通过司法程序还是通过应用硬实力方法来解决这一问题。偷猎野生动物历来受到严厉的回应，以发出惩罚性威慑的明确信息。虽然南非当局的反应没有什么不同，但偷猎造成的当代威胁与边境安全和移民等更广泛的关切相互交织，并因之而复杂化。在许多方面，这导致了可以称之为南非安全的“非官方化”。南非有着依赖武力而非对话、谈判和改革的悠久政治传统。然而，保护犀牛和其他大型动物的硬实力反应，虽然在某种程度上是必要的，但往往会遇到经济上的挫折和以黑人为主的下层阶级的诱惑，这些下层阶级几代人以来一直被白色“例外主义”排除在野生动物管理和保护之外。偷猎者因此通过他们的反文化行为转变为埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆所说的“社会土匪”。虽然这种社会鸿沟是“犀牛战争”的核心，但很明显，在实践中，缺乏以种族包容性保护战略形式的政治/偷猎解决方案几乎肯定会保证它们的继续。
The rhino-poaching crisis in South Africa raises questions about whether it should be tackled through judicial processes or by the application of hard-power methods. The poaching of wildlife has traditionally been met with a harsh response to send a clear message of punitive deterrence. While the reaction of the South African authorities has been no different, the contemporary threat posed by poaching intersects with, and is complicated by, wider concerns such as border security and immigration. In many respects, this has led to what can be termed the 'rhinofication' of South African security. South Africa has a long political tradition that relies on force rather than dialogue, negotiation and reform. Yet, the hard-power response to protect the rhino and other large fauna, though necessary at one level, often runs up against the economic frustrations and temptations of a large, predominantly black, under-class, which for generations has been excluded from wildlife management and conservation by white 'exceptionalism'. Poachers are thus transformed through their counter-cultural actions into what Eric Hobsbawm termed 'social bandits'. While this social chasm lies at the heart of the 'rhino wars', it is clear that in practical terms the lack of a political/poaching settlement in the form of a racially inclusive conservation strategy almost certainly guarantees their continuation.