Recent outbreaks of rift valley Fever in East Africa and the middle East.
Recent outbreaks of rift valley Fever in East Africa and the middle East.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpubh.2014.00169
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Ouma JO
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Himeidan YE;Kweka EJ;Mahgoub MM;El Rayah el A;Ouma JO
裂谷热(RVF)是一种重要的被忽视的、新出现的蚊媒疾病，对人和动物的健康造成严重的负面影响。伊蚊属蚊子被认为是蚊子的宿主和媒介，因为它们经卵巢感染的卵能抵抗干燥，幼虫在与水接触时孵化。然而，不同种类的蚊子是裂谷热的流行病/流行媒介，在东非形成了复杂的流行病学模式。最近在索马里(2006-2007年)、肯尼亚(2006-2007年)、坦桑尼亚(2007年)和苏丹(2007-2008年)爆发的裂谷热疫情显示扩大到以前没有涉及的地区。这些暴发还表明，这种疾病的流行病学正在发生变化，从最初与牲畜有关，转变为一种似乎高度致命的形式，感染人类并导致相当高的死亡率。降雨量被认为是引发裂谷热暴发的主要因素。降雨与当地环境(土壤、牲畜和人类)的相互作用决定了裂谷热暴发的时空聚集性。接触动物或其产品是将感染传播给人类的最主要危险因素。暴发期间牲畜不受控制的流动是将裂谷热引入新地区的原因。例如，2000年导致沙特阿拉伯疫情的病毒被发现与导致1997-98年东非疫情的病毒株相同。通过对人类进行有效的病例管理和诊断并确定动物疫苗接种的目标地区、限制动物在受影响地区以外的活动、确定繁殖地点和有针对性的强化蚊子控制计划的战略，已被证明成功地限制了裂谷热暴发的影响，并从一开始就遏制了疾病的传播。
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important neglected, emerging, mosquito-borne disease with severe negative impact on human and animal health. Mosquitoes in the Aedes genus have been considered as the reservoir, as well as vectors, since their transovarially infected eggs withstand desiccation and larvae hatch when in contact with water. However, different mosquito species serve as epizootic/epidemic vectors of RVF, creating a complex epidemiologic pattern in East Africa. The recent RVF outbreaks in Somalia (2006–2007), Kenya (2006–2007), Tanzania (2007), and Sudan (2007–2008) showed extension to districts, which were not involved before. These outbreaks also demonstrated the changing epidemiology of the disease from being originally associated with livestock, to a seemingly highly virulent form infecting humans and causing considerably high-fatality rates. The amount of rainfall is considered to be the main factor initiating RVF outbreaks. The interaction between rainfall and local environment, i.e., type of soil, livestock, and human determine the space-time clustering of RVF outbreaks. Contact with animals or their products was the most dominant risk factor to transfer the infection to humans. Uncontrolled movement of livestock during an outbreak is responsible for introducing RVF to new areas. For example, the virus that caused the Saudi Arabia outbreak in 2000 was found to be the same strain that caused the 1997–98 outbreaks in East Africa. A strategy that involves active surveillance with effective case management and diagnosis for humans and identifying target areas for animal vaccination, restriction on animal movements outside the affected areas, identifying breeding sites, and targeted intensive mosquito control programs has been shown to succeed in limiting the effect of RVF outbreak and curb the spread of the disease from the onset.