Why Don&Apos;T More Puerto Rican Men Work? The Rich Uncle (Sam) Hypothesis
Why Don&Apos;T More Puerto Rican Men Work? The Rich Uncle (Sam) Hypothesis
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发表时间：
2005
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通讯作者：
R. Freeman
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文献类型：
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作者：
M. Enchautegui;R. Freeman
波多黎各的男性就业率非常低。我们使用人口普查和劳动力调查数据记录了低就业率，并提出了“富有的山姆大叔假说”，即波多黎各相对贫穷的经济与较富裕的美国的联系创造了产生低就业的条件。为了支持这一假设，我们表明：1）GNP和GDP在岛上已经分化，扭曲了GDP和就业之间的关系，这可能是由于联邦税收优惠给在波多黎各经营的公司; 2）主要由联邦政府资助的波多黎各家庭转移支付，约占个人收入的22%; 3）向美国开放边境，这给了那些对工作有很高渴望的人移民到美国的动力，并可能造成岛上工资的下限;（4）低收入工作收入相对较高的工资结构;（5）非正规部门的就业情况，这在官方统计中是没有计量的。我们注意到，其他拥有富裕“叔叔”的区域经济体，例如东德国与西德国、南意大利与北方意大利，也存在类似的就业问题。
Puerto Rico has an extraordinarily low employment rate for men. We document the low employment rate using Census of Population and labor force survey data and offer "the rich uncle (Sam) hypothesis" that the connection of the relatively poor economy of Puerto Rico to the wealthier US has created conditions that generate low employment. In support of the hypothesis, we show: 1) that GNP and GDP have diverged on the island, distorting the relationship between GDP and employment, due potentially to federal tax benefits to companies operating in Puerto Rico; 2) transfers to Puerto Rican families funded mainly by the federal government, which account for about 22 percent of personal income; 3) open borders to the U.S. that give men with high desire for work incentive to migrate to the US, and potentially creates a lower bound to wages on the island; (4) a wage structure with relatively higher earnings in low paid jobs; and (5) employment in the informal sector, which is unmeasured in official statistics. We note that other regional economies with rich "uncles", such as East Germany with West Germany, Southern Italy with Northern Italy, have comparable employment problems.