The ‘Problem of Women’ in Post-War Europe-猫眼课题宝

战后欧洲的“妇女问题”

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2015

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J. McLellan

1947年，联合国妇女地位委员会首次召开会议，地点是纽约长岛一家前飞机厂的不祥环境。在战后世界的混乱中，代表们开始讨论如何赋予妇女平等权利。不出所料，他们的年度会议也不能幸免于冷战言论和意识形态竞争。许多与会者急于表明他们自己的国家为提高妇女地位作出了特殊贡献。苏联代表伊丽莎白·波波娃敦促她的同事们：“如果你看看世界上女性的情况，你会发现在一些国家，比如我的国家，通常被称为‘妇女问题’的问题终于得到了解决。”从苏联权力机构成立的那一刻起，妇女就在完全平等的情况下享有所有权利。1不难发现这些声明的意识形态性质，也不难将其与苏联境内长期存在的性别不平等问题进行对比。关于女性地位的问题已经成为现代欧洲历史学家不可或缺的核心问题。很难想象第一次世界大战、第三帝国或斯大林时代的苏联的综合历史没有对妇女和女孩的经历做出实质性的贡献。然而，虽然历史学家已经擅长诊断过去社会中的“女性问题”，但当它发生在离家更近的地方时，可能更难识别。随着时间的推移，尤其是1945年后，“通常被称为”妇女问题“的问题逐渐淡出人们的视线。”不乏复杂和细致入微的工作正在进行

In 1947, the United Nations’ Commission on the Status of Women met for the first time, in the inauspicious surroundings of a former aeroplane factory on Long Island, New York. Amid the chaos of the post-war world, delegates began to discuss how women might be granted equal rights. Unsurprisingly, their annual meetings were not immune to Cold War rhetoric and ideological rivalry. Many participants were eager to show that their own countries had made a special contribution to raising women’s status. Elizieveta Popova, the Soviet delegate, urged her colleagues: ‘If one looks at the situation of women in the world at large, one sees that in some countries, such as mine, the problem usually called “the problem of women” has been finally solved. From the moment the Soviet Authority was established, women have enjoyed all rights, with complete equality’.1 It is not difficult to spot the ideological nature of such statements, nor to contrast them with the persistent issues of gender inequality within the Soviet Union. Questions about the status of women have become central and indispensable for historians of modern Europe. It is difficult to imagine a synthetic history of the First World War, the Third Reich, or the Stalin-era Soviet Union with any social history aspirations which did not devote a substantial section to the experiences of women and girls. However, while historians have become skilled at diagnosing the ‘problem of women’ in past societies, it can be more difficult to recognise when it occurs closer to home. As we approach the present day, and particularly move past 1945, ‘the problem usually called “the problem of women”’ fades out of focus. There is no shortage of sophisticated and nuanced work being carried

The ‘Problem of Women’ in Post-War Europe

战后欧洲的“妇女问题”

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