Safe(r) by design implementation in the nanotechnology industry
Safe(r) by design implementation in the nanotechnology industry
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DOI：
10.1016/j.impact.2020.100267
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发表时间：
2020-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Llopis, Isabel Rodriguez
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jimenez, Araceli Sanchez;Puelles, Raquel;Llopis, Isabel Rodriguez
在工业创新中实施安全(r)设计（SbD）需要一种综合方法，在整个纳米材料（NM）生命周期中评估SbD措施对人类、环境和经济的影响。SbD在六家工业公司实施，其中SbD措施应用于NMs，纳米产品（NEP）和NM/NEP制造工艺。该方法在创新过程中尽早考虑人类和环境风险、NM/NEP的功能和成本，并在整个创新过程中持续进行。根据评估结果，必须决定是否继续、停止或重新设计NM/NEP/过程，或者在人类和环境风险的不确定性太大的情况下进行进一步的测试/获得进一步的数据。然而，SbD也可以在已经有原型产品或流程可用的后期阶段实现，正如在一些案例中所演示的那样。在一些案例研究中实施的SbD措施没有产生可行的解决方案。例如，硅纳米颗粒的非晶碳涂层增加了导电性，稳定性，减少了颗粒的粉尘，因此减少了爆炸的风险和工人的暴露。然而，在汽车锂离子电池中使用它们的社会经济评估，当与石墨的使用相比，表明性能的提高并没有克服更高的生产成本。这项工作说明了选择最合适的SbD措施的复杂性，并强调了SbD不能仅仅基于危害和暴露评估，而必须包括任何SbD措施可能对可持续性产生的其他影响，包括能源消耗和废物产生以及所有相关的货币成本。
The implementation of Safe(r) by Design (SbD) in industrial innovations requires an integrated approach where the human, environmental and economic impact of the SbD measures is evaluated across and throughout the nanomaterial (NM) life cycle. SbD was implemented in six industrial companies where SbD measures were applied to NMs, nano-enabled products (NEPs) and NM/NEP manufacturing processes.The approach considers human and environmental risks, functionality of the NM/NEP and costs as early as possible in the innovation process, continuing throughout the innovation progresses. Based on the results of the evaluation, a decision has to be made on whether to continue, stop or re-design the NM/NEP/process or to carry out further tests/obtain further data in cases where the uncertainty of the human and environmental risks is too large. However, SbD can also be implemented at later stages when there is already a prototype product or process available, as demonstrated in some of the cases.The SbD measures implemented in some of the case studies did not result in a viable solution. For example the coating of silicon nanoparticles with amorphous carbon increased the conductivity, the stability and reduced the dustiness of the particles and therefore the risk of explosion and the exposure to workers. However the socioeconomic assessment for their use in lithium-ion batteries for cars, when compared to the use of graphite, showed that the increase in performance did not overcome the higher production costs.This work illustrates the complexities of selecting the most appropriate SbD measures and highlights that SbD cannot be solely based on a hazard and exposure assessment but must include other impacts that any SbD measures may have on sustainability including energy consumption and waste generation as well as all associated monetary costs.