Applications of nanoparticles in ophthalmology
Applications of nanoparticles in ophthalmology
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DOI：
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.08.002
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发表时间：
2010-11-01
影响因子：
17.8
通讯作者：
Calonge, Margarita
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Diebold, Yolanda;Calonge, Margarita
纳米载体，如纳米颗粒，具有将眼部药物输送到特定靶点的能力，并有望彻底改变许多眼病的治疗方法。到目前为止的结果强烈表明，眼科医学将从这种纳米级技术的使用中受益匪浅。眼作为药物靶器官的最重要障碍之一是存在若干障碍，这些障碍阻碍药物直接和系统地进入特定作用部位。表层屏障包括眼表上皮和泪膜，内部屏障包括血房水屏障和血视网膜屏障。局部应用是大多数药物的首选途径，即使目标组织位于眼睛后部，眼球内注射目前是最常见的给药途径。使用这两种途径中的任何一种直接给药都面临许多与药物生物利用度有关的问题，包括副作用和反复进行不舒服的治疗以达到治疗药物水平。在这方面，使用纳米颗粒的优势包括改善大的、难于溶于水的分子的局部通过，例如糖皮质激素药物或环孢素A，用于治疗与免疫相关的、威胁视力的疾病。其他大的和不稳定的分子，如核酸，使用纳米颗粒输送，为严重视网膜疾病的基因转移治疗提供了有希望的结果。此外，纳米颗粒介导的药物输送增加了给药药物与其目标组织的接触时间，例如青光眼的标准治疗方法之一布莫尼定，或用于治疗自身免疫性葡萄膜炎的皮质类固醇，这是一种严重的眼内炎症过程。此外，纳米载体允许非类固醇抗炎药吲哚美辛通过粘膜途径到达眼内结构。最后，纳米颗粒允许靶向递送到特定类型的癌症，如黑色素瘤，而正常细胞不受影响。这篇综述总结了自纳米载体技术开始以来，我们团队和其他人的实验结果，将药物输送到眼睛的不同位置。此外，它还探索了纳米颗粒不仅作为药物输送系统，而且作为辅助诊断目的的未来可能性。(C)2010爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, have the capacity to deliver ocular drugs to specific target sites and hold promise to revolutionize the therapy of many eye diseases. Results to date strongly suggest that ocular medicine will benefit enormously from the use of this nanometric scale technology. One of the most important handicaps of the eye as a target organ for drugs is the presence of several barriers that impede direct and systemic drug access to the specific site of action. Superficial barriers include the ocular surface epithelium and the tear film, and internal barriers include the blood aqueous and blood retina barriers. Topical application is the preferred route for most drugs, even when the target tissues are at the back part of the eye where intraocular injections are currently the most common route of administration. Direct administration using any of these two routes faces many problems related to drug bioavailability, including side effects and repeated uncomfortable treatments to achieve therapeutic drug levels. In this regard, the advantages of using nanoparticles include improved topical passage of large, poorly water-soluble molecules such as glucocorticoid drugs or cyclosporine for immune-related, vision-threatening diseases. Other large and unstable molecules, such as nucleic acids, delivered using nanoparticles offer promising results for gene transfer therapy in severe retinal diseases. Also, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery increases the contact time of the administered drug with its target tissue, such as in the case of brimonidine, one of the standard treatments for glaucoma, or corticosteroids used to treat autoimmune uveitis, a severe intraocular inflammatory process. In addition, nanocarriers permit the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin to reach inner eye structures using the transmucosal route. Finally, nanoparticles allow the possibility of targeted delivery to reach specific types of cancer, such as melanoma, leaving normal cells untouched.This review summarizes experimental results from our group and others since the beginnings of nanocarrier technology to deliver drugs to different locations in the eye. Also, it explores the future possibilities of nanoparticles not only as drug delivery systems but also as aides for diagnostic purposes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.