Children's and adults' models for predicting teleological action: the development of a biology-based model.
Children's and adults' models for predicting teleological action: the development of a biology-based model.
复制标题
用于预测目的行动的儿童和成人模型：基于生物学的模型的开发。
DOI：
10.1111/1467-8624.00353
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Gelman,SA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Opfer,JE;Gelman,SA
理解只有生物必须采取行动来实现自利目标对于发展对生命世界的类似理论的理解非常重要。这项研究研究了学龄前儿童、五年级学生和成人用来指导他们预测自利、目标导向（即目的论）行动的模型。提出了四种可能的模型：决赛模型、基于复杂性的模型、基于生物学的模型和基于动物的模型。在研究 1 中，参与者 (N= 104) 被分配到两种条件之一，这两种条件的不同之处在于所描绘的物体是有益的还是中性的；他们被要求预测动物、植物、机器和简单的人工制品是否会改变它们朝该物体方向的运动。学龄前儿童的预测与基于动物的模型一致，五年级学生的预测与基于生物学和基于复杂性的模型一致，成人的预测与基于生物学的模型一致。对个人反应模式和解释的分析支持了这些发现，但也表明大量学龄前儿童和五年级学生进入决赛，并且很少有五年级学生遵循基于复杂性的目的论。在研究 2 中，参与者 (N= 84) 报告了研究 1 中的动物、植物、机器和简单的人工制品是否具有心理能力。所有年龄组都将动物的心理能力归因于高于其他领域和高于机会水平的水平。这两项研究的证据表明，与五年级学生和成人不同，学龄前儿童根据植物和动物的推断心理能力来预测这些实体的目的论行为。
Understanding that only living things must act to gain self‐beneficial goals is important for developing a theory‐like understanding of the living world. This research studied the models that preschoolers, fifth graders, and adults use to guide their predictions of self‐beneficial, goal‐directed (i.e., teleological) action. Four possible models have been suggested: finalist, complexity based, biology based, and animal based. In Study 1, participants (N= 104) were assigned to one of two conditions that differed in whether a beneficial or neutral object was pictured; they were asked to predict whether animals, plants, machines, and simple artifacts would modify their movement in the direction of that object. Preschoolers' predictions were consistent with an animal‐based model, fifth graders' predictions were consistent with biology‐based and complexity‐based models, and adults' predictions were consistent with a biology‐based model. Analysis of both individual response patterns and explanations supported these findings, but also showed that a significant number of preschoolers and fifth graders were finalist, and that very few individual fifth graders followed a complexity‐based teleology. In Study 2, participants (N= 84) reported whether the animals, plants, machines, and simple artifacts in Study 1 had psychological capacities. All age groups attributed psychological capacities to animals at levels higher than other domains and at above‐chance levels. The evidence from these two studies suggests that preschoolers, unlike fifth graders and adults, predict teleological action for plants and animals on the basis of these entities' inferred psychological capacities.