The transient joys of others-neural ensembles encode social approach in bonded voles.
The transient joys of others-neural ensembles encode social approach in bonded voles.
复制标题
他人短暂的快乐——神经系统编码了束缚田鼠的社交方式。
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2006307117
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Gustison,MorganL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Phelps,StevenM;Gustison,MorganL
社会纽带是人类经验的重要组成部分。我们与父母、孩子、浪漫伴侣和朋友建立联系;这些联系不仅塑造了我们的情感幸福，而且对我们的健康和长寿产生了深远的影响。也许是因为这些联系是如此的重要，我们经常想象它们是人类独有的。他们不是。事实上，我们对人类关系的了解大多源于动物行为。在《依恋与失落》的第一卷中，约翰·鲍尔比（John Bowlby）（2）借鉴了康拉德·洛伦兹（Konrad Lorenz）的行为学著作，阐述了依恋理论，这是一个概念框架，在大约50年后继续为社会心理学提供信息（3）。在随后的几十年里，对配对结合草原田鼠的研究揭示了大脑奖励回路在结合中的作用（4）。Scribner et al. (5)探索这些债券是如何体现在大脑的奖励系统内的神经活动的变化模式，工作承诺对依恋机制的广泛见解。草原田鼠是生活在大中西部的小型啮齿动物，从萨斯喀彻温省到俄克拉荷马州，从科罗拉多到西弗吉尼亚州。在20世纪70年代，研究人员注意到他们经常在同一个陷阱中捕捉特定的雄性和雌性，并怀疑这些对是结合的伴侣。我们现在知道，一对在一天中重复的交配会导致一种联系;雄性和雌性共享一个巢穴，一个领土，以及对它们的年轻人的照顾，但这种家庭承诺并不总是转化为性行为，这种行为模式被称为“社会一夫一妻制”（7-9）。我们对依恋的神经生物学的一些初步认识来自于这样一种认识，即在神经肽受体的神经分布方面，一夫一妻制的草原田鼠与其滥交的、非结合的亲属不同（4）。催产素和后叶加压素的受体存在于几个对奖赏至关重要的大脑区域，包括丘脑核、腹侧苍白球和前额皮质（图1A）。在这些区域中的任何一个操纵催产素或加压素功能都可以改变形成债券的能力（4）。平行工作揭示了一系列其他调节剂的作用，包括肽、单胺和类固醇（4，10-13）。多巴胺似乎尤其重要，从中脑腹侧被盖区到这个更广泛的回路的投射不仅塑造了配偶之间的深层依恋，还塑造了实验室小鼠和灵长类动物中表现出的更微妙的社会奖励（13-15）。对人类的成像研究发现，心爱的人的照片引起了活动的核腹侧被盖区（16，17）。牵着浪漫伴侣的手，或者更具体地说，相信你是，也会促使大脑的活动（18）。虽然对联结的研究一直涉及奖励回路，但我们对配对联结是如何产生的缺乏详细的了解。作者：Scribner et al. (5)探讨了雄性和雌性草原田鼠的丘脑核中键形成的神经动力学。为了可视化神经元的活动，研究人员首先将一种基因治疗载体注射到神经核中，该载体驱动一种称为GCaMP 6 f的蛋白质的神经元表达（19）。神经元放电驱动细胞内钙释放的爆发，成像钙水平已成为监测神经活动的流行代理。GCaMP 6 f是通过将绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）与天然钙敏感蛋白钙调蛋白（CaM）融合，并鉴定快速将钙瞬变转化为荧光闪烁的突变体而制备的（19）。一个共同的...
Social bonds are an essential part of the human experience. We bond with our parents, our children, our romantic partners, and our friends; these bonds not only shape our emotional well-being but have profound consequences for our health and longevity (1). Perhaps because these bonds are so profoundly important, we often imagine them to be uniquely human. They are not. Indeed, much of what we know about human bonding has its origins in animal behavior. In the first volume of Attachment and Loss, John Bowlby (2) drew on the ethological work of Konrad Lorenz to formulate attachment theory, a conceptual framework that continues to inform social psychology some 50 y later (3). In subsequent decades, work on the pair-bonding prairie vole has revealed the role of the brain’s reward circuits in bonding (4). A study by Scribner et al.(5) explores how these bonds are manifest in the changing patterns of neural activity within the brain’s reward system, work that promises broad insights into the mechanisms of attachment. Prairie voles are small rodents that live in the greater Midwest, ranging from Saskatchewan to Oklahoma, and from Colorado to West Virginia. In the 1970s, researchers noticed that they often caught specific males and females together in the same traps and suspected that such pairs were bonded mates (6). We now know that the repeated mating of a pair over the course of a day leads to a bond; males and females share a nest, a territory, as well as the care of their young, but this familial commitment does not always translate into sexual fidelity—a pattern of behavior known as “social monogamy”(7–9). Some of our first insights into the neurobiology of attachment came from the realization that the socially monogamous prairie vole differs from its promiscuous, nonbonding relatives in the neural distribution of neuropeptide receptors (4). Receptors for the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin are found in several brain areas that are essential for reward, including the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and prefrontal cortex (4)(Fig. 1A). Manipulating oxytocin or vasopressin function in any of these areas can alter the ability to form bonds (4). Parallel work revealed roles for an array of other modulators, including peptides, monoamines, and steroids (4, 10–13). Dopamine in particular seems essential, with projections from the midbrain’s ventral tegmental area to this broader circuit shaping not only the deep attachments between mates but also the more subtle social rewards exhibited in laboratory mice and primates (13–15). Imaging studies on humans have found that photographs of a loved one elicited activity in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area (16, 17). Holding the hand of a romantic partner, or more specifically believing that you were, also prompted activity in the accumbens (18). Although studies of bonding have consistently implicated reward circuits, we lack a detailed understanding of how pair-bonds emerge. The article by Scribner et al.(5) explores the neural dynamics of bond formation in the nucleus accumbens of both male and female prairie voles. To visualize the activity of neurons, the researchers first injected the nucleus accumbens with a gene therapy vector that drives neuronal expression of a protein known as GCaMP6f (19). Neuronal firing drives bursts of intracellular calcium release, and imaging calcium levels has become a popular proxy for monitoring neural activity. GCaMP6f was made by fusing green fluorescent protein (GFP) with a natural calcium-sensitive protein, calmodulin (CaM), and identifying mutants that rapidly translate calcium transients into fluorescent flashes (19). One common …