The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): reference concentrations of selected environmental pollutants in blood, urine, hair, house dust, drinking water and indoor air
The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): reference concentrations of selected environmental pollutants in blood, urine, hair, house dust, drinking water and indoor air
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500111
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发表时间：
2000-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Seiwert, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Seifert, B;Becker, K;Seiwert, M
德国环境调查（GerES）是一项大规模的、具有代表性的人口研究，迄今为止已经进行了三次，时间间隔约为7年。GerES I于1985/1986年进行，GerES IIa于1990/1991年在西德进行，GerES IIb于1991/1992年在前德意志民主共和国（GDR）进行。在GerES II中，分析了4021名25 - 69岁成人和736名6 - 14岁儿童的血液、尿液和头皮毛发样本以及环境样本（室内灰尘、饮用水、室内和个人空气、饮食）。计算了在不同介质中分析的物质的频率分布特征。成人血液中铅、镉和汞的几何平均值（Chi）分别为45.3、0.36和0.51 mug/l。尿中砷、镉和汞的相应值分别为6.3、0.29和0.54 μ g/l。儿童血铅、血镉和尿镉以及血汞的浓度均低于成人。成人尿液中五氯苯酚（PCP）的GM为2.67 mug/l，儿童尿液中为4.15 mug/l。将GerES II的这些结果与所谓的HBM值进行了比较，HBM值代表了基于心脏的接触准则，并由联邦环境署人类生物监测委员会（HBC）确定，特别是血液中的铅、尿液中的镉、血液和尿液中的汞以及尿液中的五氯苯酚。它们还为确定描述德国人口状况的参考值提供了坚实的基础。共有1.8%和0.6%的德国育龄女性血液中的铅含量分别高于HBM-1（100 mug/l）和HBM-II（150 mug/l）。百分之一的儿童血铅水平高于HBM-1。对室内灰尘和饮用水进行了分析，以确定家庭环境中的接触情况。砷、镉和铅在家庭中的沉积量分别为5.4 ng/（m2）天、11.7 ng/（m2）天和0.29 mug/（m2）天。在真空吸尘器袋的内容物中，浓度为2.1、0.9和5.9 mug/g。在大多数德国家庭的室内灰尘中可以检测到五氯苯酚、林丹和氯菊酯。饮用水的污染物负荷受管道材料和管件腐蚀的显著影响。在7.7%的第一次抽取的样品中，铅超过了新的EC限值10 μ g/l。来自东德国的样本中超过德国现行室内空气中0.1 ppm指导值的百分比相对较高（14%），这可能是由于前民主德国广泛使用受污染的刨花板。
The German Environmental Survey (GerES) is a large-scale, representative population study that has been carried out three times up to now with a time interval of about 7 years. GerES I was performed in 1985/1986, GerES IIa in 1990/1991 in West Germany, and GerES IIb in 1991/1992 in East Germany the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). In GerES II, blood, urine, and scalp hair samples of 4021 adults aged 25-69 years and of 736 children aged 6-14 years were analysed as well as environmental samples (house dust, drinking water, indoor and personal air, diet). Characteristics of the frequency distributions of the substances analysed in the different media were calculated. The geometric mean (Chi) for lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of adults amounted to 45.3, 0.36, and 0.51 mug/l, respectively. The corresponding values of arsenic, cadmium, and mercury in urine acre 6.3, 0.29, and 0.54 mug/l, respectively The concentrations of lead in blood, cadmium in blood and urine, and mercury in blood are low er in children than in adults. The GM of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in urine of adults was 2.67 mug/l and in urine of children, 4.15 mug/l. These results of GerES II were compared with the so-called HBM values which represent hearth-based exposure guidelines and have been defined by the Human Biomonitoring Commission (HBC) of the Federal Environmental Agency, inter alia for lead in blood, cadmium in urine, mercury in blood and urine, and PCP in urine. They also provided a sound basis for the setting of reference values to describe the status of the German population. A total of 1.8% and 0.6% of the German females in child-bearing age had a level of lead in blood higher than HBM-1 (100 mug/l) and HBM-II (150 mug/l), respectively. One percent of the children had a blood lead level above HBM-1. House dust and drinking water were analysed to characterise exposure in the domestic environment. Arsenic, cadmium, and lead deposition in homes amounted to 5.4 ng/(m(2) day), 11.7 ng/(m(2) day), and 0.29 mug/ (m(2) day), respectively. In the content of vacuum cleaner bags, concentrations were 2.1, 0.9, and 5.9 mug/g. PCP, lindane and permethrin could be detected in the house dust of most German households. The pollutant load of the drinking water is significantly influenced by the corrosion of pipe materials and fittings. The new EC limit value of 10 mug/l for lead was exceeded in 7.7% of the first draw samples. The relatively high percentage (14%) of samples from East Germany that exceeded the current German guideline value of 0.1 ppm in indoor air may be explained by the widespread use of contaminated particleboard in the former GDR.