The Pathology of Pathogenic Theileriosis in African Wild Artiodactyls
The Pathology of Pathogenic Theileriosis in African Wild Artiodactyls
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DOI：
10.1177/0300985819879443
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发表时间：
2019-12-19
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Mitchell, Emily P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clift, Sarah J.;Collins, Nicola E.;Mitchell, Emily P.
已发表的关于非洲野生偶蹄动物中的“转化”或致病性泰勒虫病的文献是过时的，并且基于有限的信息。在这里，作者回顾了分类学，诊断，流行病学，血液学，病理学和控制方面的各种物种。基于18 S和16 S rRNA基因序列的分子研究表明，非洲野生偶蹄动物通常感染多种泰勒虫属，以及非泰勒虫属的血原虫和立克次体样细菌，以及致病性和非致病性泰勒虫属物种的合并感染经常被记录。虽然泰勒虫病在许多物种中仍然被混淆为Cytauxzoon病，但在偶蹄动物中单独的Cytauxzoon属的有效性仍有争议。泰勒虫病的流行病学是复杂的;致命疾病的可能性取决于寄生虫、脊椎动物宿主、蜱媒和环境因素的相互作用。所有宿主种属的Roan小牛（Hippotragus equinus）和应激动物更易患致命性泰勒虫病。尽管再生性贫血很常见，但外周血梨浆体寄生虫血症与疾病严重程度无关。除贫血外，常见的肉眼病变包括黄疸、出血（粘膜、浆膜和组织）、液体渗出进入体腔、肺水肿以及多个器官中大小不等的奶油色白细胞浸润灶。组织学检查结果包括血管中心性过度增殖和非典型白细胞溶解伴相关细胞内病变、实质坏死、出血、血栓栓塞和水肿。需要免疫表型分析来确定野生有蹄类动物中突变体转化的白细胞的身份。在整个审查过程中，我们通过比较家畜泰勒虫病与非洲野生偶蹄动物泰勒虫病某些方面的现有知识，提出了未来研究的途径。
The published literature on schizont-"transforming," or pathogenic theileriosis, in African wild artiodactyls is dated and based on limited information. Here the authors review the taxonomy, diagnosis, epidemiology, hematology, pathology, and aspects of control in various species. Molecular studies based on 18S and 16S rRNA gene sequences have shown that African wild artiodactyls are commonly infected with diverse Theileria spp., as well as nontheilerial hemoprotozoa and rickettsia-like bacteria, and coinfections with pathogenic and nonpathogenic Theileria species are often recorded. Although theileriosis is still confusingly referred to as cytauxzoonosis in many species, the validity of a separate Cytauxzoon genus in artiodactyls is debated. The epidemiology of theileriosis is complex; the likelihood of fatal disease depends on the interplay of parasite, vertebrate host, tick vector, and environmental factors. Roan calves (Hippotragus equinus) and stressed animals of all host species are more susceptible to fatal theileriosis. Even though regenerative anemia is common, peripheral blood piroplasm parasitemia does not correlate with disease severity. Other than anemia, common macroscopic lesions include icterus, hemorrhages (mucosal, serosal, and tissue), fluid effusions into body cavities, lung edema, and variably sized raised cream-colored foci of leukocyte infiltration in multiple organs. Histopathologic findings include vasocentric hyperproliferation and lysis of atypical leukocytes with associated intracellular schizonts, parenchymal necrosis, hemorrhage, thromboembolism, and edema. Immunophenotyping is required to establish the identity of the schizont-transformed leukocytes in wild ungulates. Throughout the review, we propose avenues for future research by comparing existing knowledge on selected aspects of theileriosis in domestic livestock with that in African wild artiodactyls.