Trends in Non-Hispanic White Mortality in the United States by Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan Status and Region, 1990-2016
Trends in Non-Hispanic White Mortality in the United States by Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan Status and Region, 1990-2016
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DOI：
10.1111/padr.12249
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发表时间：
2019-09-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Preston, Samuel H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elo, Irma T.;Hendi, Arun S.;Preston, Samuel H.
21世纪的头十年对美国人的死亡率来说是一个充满挑战的时期。2010年，美国人均预期寿命排名世界第30位，远低于其他高收入国家（世界卫生组织2017年）。2010年至2016年，美国人的预期寿命进一步落后于其他发达国家，仅增加了0.08岁，是自1970年以来最小的五年增幅（Ho and Hendi 2018）。死亡率相对缓慢下降的背景是，按照其他经合组织国家的标准，美国在20世纪90年代和21世纪初的死亡率已经很高（Ho和Preston 2010； Crimmins等人2011；Ho 2013；医学研究所和国家研究委员会2013；Palloni和Yonker 2016）。与此同时，美国在健康和死亡率方面存在巨大且日益严重的地理和社会经济不平等（Fenelon 2013; Wang et al. 2013; Hendi 2015, 2017; Chetty et al. 2016; Montez, Sasson, and Hayward 2016a）。最近几项关于国家级死亡率停滞的研究记录了中年非西班牙裔白人的不良死亡率趋势（Kochanek, Arias, and Bastian 2016a; Squires and Blumenthal 2016; Case and Deaton 2017），特别是女性（stone, Martin, and Aron 2015; Gelman and Auerbach 2016; Kochanek et al. 2016b）以及教育水平较低的人群（Hendi 2017）和收入较低的人群（Chetty et al. 2016）。Case和Deaton（2015、2017）提请人们注意“绝望死亡”——包括意外中毒（与处方阿片类药物和海洛因的流行有关）、自杀和慢性肝病——所起的作用
THE FIRST DECADES of the twenty-first century have been a challenging period for American mortality. Life expectancy in the United States ranked 30th in the world in 2010 and is much lower than in other high-income countries (World Health Organization 2017). Between 2010 and 2016, US life expectancy fell further behind other developed countries, increasing by only 0.08 years, the smallest 5-year increase since 1970 (Ho and Hendi 2018). These relatively slow mortality declines occurred against a background in which US mortality in the 1990s and 2000s was already high by the standards of other OECD countries (Ho and Preston 2010; Crimmins et al. 2011; Ho 2013; Institute of Medicine and National Research Council 2013; Palloni and Yonker 2016). At the same time, there have been large and growing geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in health and mortality within the United States (Fenelon 2013; Wang et al. 2013; Hendi 2015, 2017; Chetty et al. 2016; Montez, Sasson, and Hayward 2016a). Several recent studies of the national-level mortality stagnation have documented adverse mortality trends among middle-aged non-Hispanic whites (Kochanek, Arias, and Bastian 2016a; Squires and Blumenthal 2016; Case and Deaton 2017), particularly among women (Astone, Martin, and Aron 2015; Gelman and Auerbach 2016; Kochanek et al. 2016b) and those with lower levels of education (Hendi 2017) and income (Chetty et al. 2016). Case and Deaton (2015, 2017) drew attention to the role that “deaths of despair”—consisting of accidental poisoning (linked to the epidemic of prescription opioids and heroin), suicide, and chronic liver disease—play