TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND RAIN FOREST-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MIDDLE CAQUETA AREA, COLOMBIA, NW AMAZONIA
TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND RAIN FOREST-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MIDDLE CAQUETA AREA, COLOMBIA, NW AMAZONIA
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00034341
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发表时间：
1995-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
DUIVENVOORDEN, JF
中科院分区：
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作者：
DUIVENVOORDEN, JF
作为森林植被和土壤综合调查的一部分，记录了95块0.1公顷的地块的树种组成(直径大于或等于10厘米)，这些地块分布在哥伦比亚亚马逊地区中部卡奎塔地区的主要地理单元上。共发现树种1077种，隶属于60科271属。豆科和山茶科在所有地理单元中都显示出较高的科重要性。在排水良好的(洪泛平原或旱地)土壤上，樟科、金莲科、桑科和莲子科更为重要，而在沼泽和灰化(白沙)土壤上，棕榈科、杜仲科、桑科和罗布麻科更重要。排水良好的土壤上的样地显示的优势度低于沼泽或灰化(白沙)土壤上的样地。样地中大多数优势种的组成不断变化。大多数种类(59%)只记录在一个样地中。单个样地对通常显示出约2-5个树种的低重叠，导致Jaccard系数低于20%。作为对先前基于TWINSPAN分析的森林分类的补充，使用CANOCO 3.1进行了去势对应分析和典型对应分析。尽管解释了少量的树种差异(前两个典型轴只有6.2%)，但仍能识别出有意义的树种组成模式。这与排水、洪涝、腐殖质形态和土壤养分状况密切相关。在CCA排序图中，森林类型被很好地区分开来。根据排水、洪涝和土壤养分状况的偏好，列出了最常见的树种。分别分析了排水良好的旱地森林的树种组成。鉴于解释西北亚马逊乔木物种多样性的模型是基于密集的群落堆积和沿土壤梯度的高β多样性，这里的典型分析集中在土壤的影响上。通过部分典范排序的方法发现，树种组成的格局明显依赖于土壤性质，尽管土壤成分只解释了树种变异的一小部分。结果表明，卡奎塔中部排水良好的高地被两个乔木树种组合的复合体所覆盖。第一个组合(Goupia glatra-Clathrotrois Maccarpa群落)与安第斯成因沉积或Pebas组第三纪沉积中发育的不那么贫瘠的粘性土壤有关。第二个组合(Swartzia schomburgkii-Clathrotrois Maccarpa群落)与圭亚那盾构母质中发育的非常贫瘠的壤质土壤具有亲和力。这种简单的地质、土壤和森林类型的二分模式与土壤高度异质性和控制亚马逊西北部排水良好的高地树木物种多样性的相关贝塔多样性的概念不相容。在去势对应分析中，树种的梯度长度较低(3.7SD)，也表明存在较低的贝塔多样性。
As part of an integrated forest vegetation and soil survey, tree species composition (DBH greater than or equal to 10 cm) was recorded in 95 plots of 0.1 ha, distributed over the principal physiographic units in the middle Caqueta area, Colombian Amazonia. A total of 1077 tree species was found, classified into 271 genera and 60 families. Leguminosae and Sapotaceae show high familial importance values in all physiographic units. Lauraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Moraceae, and Lecythidaceae are more important on well drained (flood plain or upland) soils, while Palmae, Guttiferae, Bombacaceae, and Apocynaceae are more important in swamps and on podzolised ('white sand') soils. Plots on well drained soils show a lower degree of dominance than plots in swamps or on podzolised ('white sand') soils. The composition of the most dominant species in the plots changes continuously. Most species (59%) are only recorded in one plot. Individual plot pairs generally show a low overlap of about 2-5 tree species, resulting in Jaccard coefficients below 20%.Complementary to a previous forest classification based on TWINSPAN analyses, detrended and canonical correspondence analyses were carried out, using CANOCO 3.1. Despite of a low amount of tree species variance explained (only 6.2% by the first two canonical axes), meaningful patterns of tree species composition were recognised. These are most strongly related to drainage, flooding, humus forms, and soil nutrient status. Forest types are well separated in the CCA ordination diagram. The most frequently found tree species are listed according to their preference with respect to drainage, flooding, and soil nutrient status.Tree species composition in the well drained upland forests was analysed separately. In view of the model explaining high NW Amazonian tree species diversity on the basis of dense community packing and high beta diversity along soil gradients, the canonical analysis here focused on the effect of soils. By means of partial canonical ordination it was found that patterns of tree species composition depended significantly on soil properties, even though the edaphic component explains only a small fraction of the tree species variance. The results show that the well drained uplands of the middle Caqueta area are covered by a complex of two intergrading tree species assemblages. The first assemblage (community of Goupia glabra-Clathrotropis macrocarpa) is associated to somewhat less poor, clayey soils developed in Andean origin deposits or Tertiary sediments from the Pebas formation. The second assemblage (community of Swartzia schomburgkii-Clathrotropis macrocarpa) shows affinities to very poor, loamy soils developed in parent materials derived from the Guiana shield. This simple dichotomous pattern of geology, soils, and forest types is incompatible with concepts of high soil heterogeneity and associated beta diversity controlling tree species diversity in well drained uplands of NW Amazonia. The gradient length of tree species in the detrended correspondence analysis was low (3.7 SD), also suggesting a low beta diversity.