Role of silicon in the development of complex crystal shapes in coccolithophores
Role of silicon in the development of complex crystal shapes in coccolithophores
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DOI：
10.1111/nph.17230
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发表时间：
2021-03-09
期刊：
影响因子：
9.4
通讯作者：
Wheeler, Glen L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Langer, Gerald;Taylor, Alison R.;Wheeler, Glen L.
颗石藻钙化的发展对海洋碳循环产生了深远的影响，但导致这些复杂的生物矿化结构形成的进化步骤尚不清楚。由复杂形状的方解石晶体组成的异球石在二倍体生命周期阶段的细胞内形成。holocococoliths组成的简单的菱形晶体可以产生的单倍体生命周期阶段，但被认为是细胞外形成的，代表一个独立的进化起源calcium.We使用先进的显微镜技术来确定的性质的coccoliths形成和复杂的晶体形成的coccolithophore生命周期stages.We发现holocococoliths形成在细胞内的车厢中以类似的方式heterocococoliths。然而，我们发现，硅是不需要的holocococolith形成和硅的要求在某些cocolithophore物种具体涉及到的过程中的晶体形态heterococoliths.We因此提出了一个进化的方案，其中较低的复杂度holocococoliths代表一个祖先形式的钙化cocolithophore。随后的招聘硅依赖机制的晶体形态发生在二倍体的生命周期阶段导致了复杂形状的heterococoliths的出现，使精心制作的coccosphere的形成，巩固生态成功的颗石藻。
The development of calcification by the coccolithophores had a profound impact on ocean carbon cycling, but the evolutionary steps leading to the formation of these complex biomineralized structures are not clear. Heterococcoliths consisting of intricately shaped calcite crystals are formed intracellularly by the diploid life cycle phase. Holococcoliths consisting of simple rhombic crystals can be produced by the haploid life cycle stage but are thought to be formed extracellularly, representing an independent evolutionary origin of calcification.We use advanced microscopy techniques to determine the nature of coccolith formation and complex crystal formation in coccolithophore life cycle stages.We find that holococcoliths are formed in intracellular compartments in a similar manner to heterococcoliths. However, we show that silicon is not required for holococcolith formation and that the requirement for silicon in certain coccolithophore species relates specifically to the process of crystal morphogenesis in heterococcoliths.We therefore propose an evolutionary scheme in which the lower complexity holococcoliths represent an ancestral form of calcification in coccolithophores. The subsequent recruitment of a silicon-dependent mechanism for crystal morphogenesis in the diploid life cycle stage led to the emergence of the intricately shaped heterococcoliths, enabling the formation of the elaborate coccospheres that underpin the ecological success of coccolithophores.