Keeping cells in their place: the future of stem cell encapsulation.
Keeping cells in their place: the future of stem cell encapsulation.
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将细胞保持在适当的位置：干细胞封装的未来。
DOI：
10.1080/14712598.2016.1213811
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Swioklo S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Swioklo S
自世纪早期以来，细胞包封已被探索作为一种保护移植细胞免受宿主免疫系统影响的技术。从那时起，将细胞嵌入许多天然和合成基质中的过程已被广泛应用。用于细胞固定的材料包括天然聚合物藻酸盐、壳聚糖、琼脂糖、纤维素、胶原蛋白和赞坦以及合成聚合物聚乙二醇、聚乙烯醇、聚氨酯和聚丙烯。这些被选择，设计或修改，以执行作为半透膜，使营养物质的向内扩散，治疗蛋白质的交换，并消除废物，以维持细胞的生存和功能。细胞包封的主要应用包括（i）细胞移植和治疗递送;（ii）体外三维（3D）培养和细胞建模;以及（iii）组织和器官的生物制造。尽管其使用历史悠久，但细胞包封已经呈现出许多限制，已经进行了许多奋进来克服这些限制。这对于包封细胞的临床应用尤其如此，其中维持营养物和分泌组分的有效质量转移，同时避免宿主组织反应是至关重要的。细胞、细胞碎片和包封基质本身可以引发这些反应，因此精心设计对临床成功至关重要。此外，基质必须具有可预测的长期稳定性，并在必要时可回收。满足所有这些要求并非易事。为满足这些要求，进行了最长时间和最深入研究的封装基质是天然水凝胶藻酸盐。出于这个原因，藻酸盐将集中在整个这篇社论。它将简要介绍所提到的基本应用，并讨论最近的证据如何描述在储存过程中封装的细胞保护作用可能会影响未来的交付，灵活性和可访问性活的有目的的细胞的影响。
Ever since the early part of the 20th century, cell encapsulation has been explored as a technique to protect transplanted cells from the host immune system. Since then, the process of entombing cells within a number of natural and synthetic matrices has been exploited for a wide range of applications. Materials used for cell immobilization include the natural polymers alginate, chitosan, agarose, cellulose, collagen, and zanthan and the synthetic polymers poly (ethylene) glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, and polypropylene. These are selected, designed, or modified to perform as semipermeable membranes that enable the inward diffusion of nutrients, exchange of therapeutic proteins, and elimination of waste products in order to maintain cell survival and function. The major applications of cell encapsulation include (i) cell transplantation and therapeutic delivery;(ii) in vitro threedimensional (3D) culture and cell modeling; and (iii) biofabrication of tissues and organs. Despite its long history of use, cell encapsulation has presented a number of limitations to which much endeavor has been carried out to overcome. This is especially true with the clinical use of encapsulated cells where it is paramount to maintain effective mass transfer of nutrients and secretory components, whilst avoiding host tissue responses. Cells, cell fragments, and the encapsulation matrix itself can initiate these responses, making careful design vital for clinical success. Additionally, matrices must have predictable long-term stability and be retrievable when necessary. Fulfilling all of these requirements is not trivial. The encapsulation matrix that has had the longest and most intense research to meet these requirements is the natural hydrogel alginate. For this reason, alginate will be focused on throughout this editorial. It will briefly cover the fundamental applications mentioned and discuss the impact of how recent evidence describing the cytoprotective effects of encapsulation during storage could impact future delivery, flexibility, and accessibility of live purposeful cells.