Language Experience in Second Language Speech Learning: In Honor of James Emil Flege
Language Experience in Second Language Speech Learning: In Honor of James Emil Flege
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第二语言语音学习中的语言体验：纪念 James Emil Flege
作者：
O. Bohn;M. Munro
这本论文集是为了纪念詹姆斯·费尔斯的退休而出版的，是对第二语言（L2）语音研究领域最有影响力、可能是最多产的科学家之一的恰当致敬。在365页的篇幅中，20篇论文就第二语言或外语研究领域的各种主题进行了讨论并提出了实证研究结果，另外40页的参考书目、名称和主题索引完成了当今第二语言研究的迷人图景。不可避免的是，由于这本书是一位美国学者的纪念品，在30位撰稿人中，北美或北美本土的作者占了绝大多数（22位，斯堪的纳维亚和澳大利亚各有3位，日本和德国各有1位）。Festival的语音学习模型（SLM）是绝大多数文章的中心-或者至少是共同的焦点。这无疑反映了作者对他的工作的尊重以及他在该领域的影响力。正如编辑们所写的，所有发音研究的中心主题都受到一篇或多篇论文的关注。然而，我们无意重复编辑们在其介绍性概述中提供的有益的主题性评论。因此，我们试图抓住主旨，评论的优点和特别感兴趣的点，个别文件的顺序，他们提出了五个专题部分，形成结构框架的20个文件。这些部分是：第一部分-第二语言学习的本质，第二部分-外国口音的概念，第三部分-辅音和元音，第四部分-超越辅音和元音，第五部分-新出现的问题。然而，必须指出的是，小节标题并不一定能抓住贯穿各部分论文的特定线索。这本书不是一个先验的结构化工作，而是一个机会收集既定的科学家和同事詹姆斯fellow。因此，第一至第五部分的标题只能作为它们所载文件方向的粗略指南。第一部分由编者的引言“第二语言言语研究：简要概述”开始，这既是对其他19篇论文的赞扬，也是对其他19篇论文的理论定位。它增加了一个历史的角度来看，以图片的第二语言的研究，出现在过程中的卷，并提供了一些提示，在未来可能的工作，为那些希望继续努力。第一部分的其他四篇论文从不同的角度探讨了外语知觉。Catherine Best和Michael泰勒（“非母语和第二语言言语感知”）从理论上集中讨论了Festival的SLM和他们自己的感知同化模型（PAM）之间的异同。强调基本上不同的方向- SLM关注L2学习，而PAM是一个模型来解释外语的非母语感知-他们讨论了PAM概念的可能扩展，以涵盖L2现象。对于那些已经在一定程度上熟悉这两个模型的人（尽管对于外行来说，这个解释可能过于抽象），有一个对SLM假设和PAM原则的启发性对位解释。许多观点上的差异，以及对“语音”和“语音”等术语的理解上的差异，都源于一个基本的差异，即迄今为止还无法证明的原则，即知觉是作用于具体的远端事件（发音手势）还是心理表征（类别）。威妮弗蕾德·斯特兰奇（Winifred Strange）的《元音的跨语言语音相似性》（CrossLanguage Phonetic Similarity of Vowels）一章在方法上更为具体，讨论了跨语言语音比较的不同方法--发音的、声学的和感知的--并举例说明了声学和感知分析。示例数据既相关又令人信服，并强调了两个主要信息，即分析-无论是生产还是感知-必须
Published to mark James Flege’s retirement, this collection of papers is a fitting tribute to one of the most influential and probably the most prolific scientists in the field of second language (L2) speech research. In 365 pages 20 papers offer discussion and present empirical findings on a wide variety of topics from the field of secondor foreign-language research, and a further 40 pages of bibliography, name and subject indexes complete a fascinating picture of present-day L2 research. Inevitably, since the book is a festschrift for an American scholar, there is a preponderance of North American or North-America-based authors among the 30 contributors (22, with 3 each based in Scandinavia and Australia, respectively, 1 in Japan and 1 in Germany). Flege’s Speech Learning Model (SLM) is at the centre – or at least is the shared focus – of a large majority of the articles. This no doubt reflects both the authors’ respect for his work and the extent of his influence in the field. As the editors write, all the central themes of pronunciation research receive attention from one or more papers. However, it is not our intention to duplicate the useful theme-orientated commentary offered by the editors in their introductory overview. We therefore try to capture the main thrust, with comments on the merits and points of special interest, of the individual papers in the order they are presented in five thematic sections, which form the structuring framework for the 20 papers. These sections are: Part I – The Nature of L2 Speech Learning, Part II – The Concept of Foreign Accent, Part III – Consonants and Vowels, Part IV – Beyond Consonants and Vowels, and Part V – Emerging Issues. It must be said, however, that the subsection titles do not necessarily capture a particular thread running through the component papers. The book is not an a priori structured work, but rather a chance collection by established scientists and colleagues of James Flege. The titles of Parts I–V must therefore be taken as only rough guides to the orientation of the papers they contain. Part I is opened by the editors’ introduction, ‘The Study of Second Language Speech: A Brief Overview’, which serves both as a laudation and as a theoretical orientation to the 19 other contributions. It adds a historical perspective to the picture of L2 research that emerges in the course of the volume and provides some hints at possible future work for those looking to continue the effort. The four other papers in Part I consider foreign-language perception from different angles. Catherine Best and Michael Tyler (‘NonNative and Second-Language Speech Perception’) provide a theoretically concentrated discussion of the similarities and differences between Flege’s SLM and their own Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM). Stressing the basically different orientation – SLM being concerned with L2 learning while PAM is a model to explain nonnative perception of a foreign language – they discuss the possible extension of PAM concepts to cover L2 phenomena. For those already familiar to some extent with the two models (though for the uninitiated the account is probably set at too high a level of abstraction), there is an illuminating contrapuntal explication of SLM postulates and PAM principles. Many of the differences in viewpoint, and possibly in the understanding of terms such as ‘phonetic’ and ‘phonological’, stem from a basic difference in as yet non-disprovable tenets, whether perception operates on concrete distal events (articulatory gestures) or mental representations (categories). The chapter by Winifred Strange (‘CrossLanguage Phonetic Similarity of Vowels’) is much more concrete in its approach, providing a discussion of different approaches to cross-language phonetic comparison – articulatory, acoustic and perceptual – with examples of acoustic and perceptual analyses. The example data are both pertinent and convincing, and underline the two main messages, namely that analyses – whether of production or of perception – have to be