Putting People at the Centre of Reconstruction-猫眼课题宝

重建以人为本

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2010

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作者：

Michael Lyons;T. Schilderman

风险和变化。这既需要使他们的建筑物更具抵抗力，更安全地生活或工作，也需要帮助人们自己更有能力适应风险和变化。在住房方面，许多机构狭义地解释说，重建更好的房屋是重建比以前更能抵御灾害的房屋。对质量的关注是他们更喜欢由建筑师和工程师设计并由承包商建造的重建的关键原因。这种方法不仅成本高昂，而且对提高人们的适应能力几乎没有帮助。此外，如果标准订得过高，市民日后可能难以负担。相反，完全有可能支持和赋予人们权力，使他们能够负责自己的重建进程，并实现适当的质量。对住房在灾害中表现如何的评估往往指向具有良好记录的本土技术，例如2005年克什米尔的dhajji dewari。如果他们表现出任何弱点，这些通常可以很容易地克服。采用这种改进的当地技术所需的重建支助较少，而且通常费用较低，速度较快。然而，在建造更好的住房的同时，必须重建人民的生计和当地市场及其社交网络，必须让幸存者在决策和资源管理方面发挥尽可能大的作用。这加强了他们科普和适应的能力。最重要的是，重建进程与其最终产品同样重要：以人为本将增强他们的权能，加强他们的能力和复原力。直到最近，这种通常被称为业主驱动的重建（ODR）的方法一直是排斥性的，主要集中在拥有土地和住房现有所有权的人身上。本文主张，一个包容性和参与性的方法，以人为本的重建（PCR）应该是所有方法的核心，灾后住房和生计。目前主要的重建办法是集中规划和执行，往往不能惠及所有重要的人，而且往往没有充分解决穷人易受灾害影响的根本原因。把人放在重建的中心

risks and change. That requires both making their buildings more resistant and safer to live or work in, and helping people themselves become more capable of adapting to risk and change. Where it comes to housing, building back better is narrowly interpreted by many agencies as reconstructing houses that are more resistant to disasters than previous types. That concern for quality is a key reason for them to prefer reconstruction designed by architects and engineers, and built by contractors. Such an approach is not only expensive, but does little to make people become more resilient. Moreover, if standards are set too high, they may be unaffordable for people to maintain in future. Instead, it is entirely possible to support and empower people to take charge of their own reconstruction processes and realise adequate quality. Assessments of how housing behaved in a disaster often point at vernacular technologies with a good record, such as dhajji dewari in Kashmir, 2005. Where they show any weaknesses, these can usually be easily overcome. Adopting such improved local technologies requires less support for reconstruction, and is usually cheaper and quicker. Building better houses, however, must go hand in hand with rebuilding people’s livelihoods and local markets as well as their social networks and must allow survivors as large a role as possible in decision making and management of resources. This strengthens their capabilities to cope and adapt. Above all, the process of reconstruction matters as much as its end products: putting people at the centre will empower them and strengthen their capabilities and resilience. Until recently, such methods, generally known as Owner-Driven Reconstruction (ODR) have been exclusionary, largely focusing on people with existing title to land and housing. This paper advocates that an inclusive and participatory approach, PeopleCentred Reconstruction (PCR) should be at the heart of all approaches to housing and livelihoods after disasters. Currently dominant approaches to reconstruction, which are centrally planned and executed, frequently fail to reach all who matter and often do not do enough to tackle the underlying causes of poor people’s vulnerability to disasters. PCR POSITION PAPER Putting People at the Centre of Reconstruction

Putting People at the Centre of Reconstruction

重建以人为本

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