Cotinine as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure
Cotinine as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure
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DOI：
10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017925
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发表时间：
1996-01-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Benowitz, NL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Benowitz, NL
生物标志物在量化吸烟者和非吸烟者对烟草烟雾成分的全身暴露方面是理想的。吸烟者的自我报告措施，如每天吸烟量，由于吸烟方式的个体差异而非常不精确，每支香烟的尼古丁摄入量范围为0.3至3.0 mg（1，2）。自我报告的措施，如每天暴露于环境烟草烟雾（ETS）的非吸烟者的小时数，也可能是不精确的指标，由于吸烟的香烟数量，非吸烟者接近吸烟者，房间通风和其他环境特征的变化，以及敏感性和/或关注ETS的不良影响的个体差异。对烟草烟雾暴露的最佳评估是通过分析暴露个体体液中烟雾成分的浓度，即生物标志物或生物标志物。在评估烟草烟雾暴露生物标志物的有效性时，需要考虑两个广泛的问题。第一个问题是，空气中标记化学品的浓度在多大程度上反映了人们对烟雾中令人关切的有毒成分的接触情况？第二个问题是，生物液体中特定化学物质的浓度如何反映个体从烟草烟雾中摄入该化学物质（或相关化学物质）？国家研究理事会（3）提出了空气中ETS有效标记的标准如下：标记1）对于ETS来说应该是唯一的或几乎唯一的，这样相比之下其他来源是次要的; 2）应该容易检测; 3）对于各种烟草产品来说应该以类似的速率排放;以及4）
A biomarker is desirable in quantitating systemic exposure both in smokers and nonsmokers to constituents of tobacco smoke. Self-report measures in smokers, such as cigarettes smoked per day, are highly imprecise owing to individual differences in how cigarettes are smoked, with ranges of nicotine intake per cigarette from 0.3 to 3.0 mg (1, 2). Self-report measures, such as hours per day exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by nonsmokers, are also likely to be imprecise indicators of intake of tobacco smoke owing to variations in the number of cigarettes smoked, proximity of nonsmokers to smokers, room ventilation and other environmental characteristics, as well as individual differences in sensitivity to and/or concern about adverse effects of ETS. The optimal assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke would be by analysis of the concentrations of a component of smoke in the body fluids of an exposed individual—ie, a biologic marker or biomarker. There are two broad questions that need to be considered in assessing the validity of a biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. The first is how well does the concentration of a marker chemical in the air reflect exposure to toxic constituents of smoke that are of concern? The second is how well does a concentration of a particular chemical in a biologic fluid reflect an individual's intake of that chemical (or a related chemical) from tobacco smoke? The National Research Council (3) has proposed criteria for a valid marker of ETS in the air as follows: The marker 1) should be unique or nearly unique for ETS so that other sources are minor in comparison; 2) should be easily detectable; 3) should be emitted at similar rates for a variety of tobacco products; and 4)