Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans.
Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans.
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发表时间：
1999
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通讯作者：
C. Czeisler;E. Klerman
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作者：
C. Czeisler;E. Klerman
几乎每一种激素的释放都有日波动的特征。昼夜节律起搏器位于下丘脑的视交叉上核，在许多生理功能中产生昼夜节律，大约24小时的节律。然而，观察到的荷尔蒙振荡并不简单地反映了这个内部时钟的输出。相反，每日激素分布是昼夜节律起搏器输出、行为周期性变化、光照、神经内分泌反馈机制、性别、年龄以及睡眠和觉醒时间之间复杂相互作用的产物。这些因素的相互作用可以影响激素分泌脉冲频率和幅度，每个内分泌系统受这些因素的影响不同。本章探讨了最近的进展，了解这些因素对内分泌节律的影响。睡眠对内分泌有着深远的影响。睡眠是一个动态的过程，其特征在于电生理活动的周期性变化。这些电生理变化，用于标记睡眠状态和深度，与激素水平的周期性短期变化有关。激素如肾素和人类生长激素的分泌受睡眠或清醒状态的强烈影响，而褪黑激素和皮质醇水平相对不受睡眠或清醒状态的影响。此外，睡眠与姿势、行为和光照的变化有关，已知每一种都会影响内分泌。此外，习惯性睡眠和觉醒时间与某些昼夜节律相一致，这使得很难区分睡眠和昼夜节律对这些激素的影响。已经开发了旨在半独立地提取昼夜节律和睡眠信息的特定协议，并对这些调节过程的影响产生了重要的见解。这些结果可能有助于解释在昼夜节律睡眠障碍中观察到的内分泌节律的变化，包括轮班工作和视力障碍。这些因素与年龄和性别的相互作用尚待充分研究。表征激素分泌的调控因子对于了解内分泌系统的时间调节至关重要，并为未来的研究提供了许多令人兴奋的领域。
Daily oscillations characterize the release of nearly every hormone. The circadian pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, generates circadian, approximately 24-hour rhythms in many physiologic functions. However, the observed hormonal oscillations do not simply reflect the output of this internal clock. Instead, daily hormonal profiles are the product of a complex interaction between the output of the circadian pacemaker, periodic changes in behavior, light exposure, neuroendocrine feedback mechanisms, gender, age, and the timing of sleep and wakefulness. The interaction of these factors can affect hormonal secretory pulse frequency and amplitude, with each endocrine system differentially affected by these factors. This chapter examines recent advances in understanding the effects on endocrine rhythms of a number of these factors. Sleep exerts a profound effect on endocrine secretion. Sleep is a dynamic process that is characterized by periodic changes in electrophysiologic activity. These electrophysiologic changes, which are used to mark the state and depth of sleep, are associated with periodic, short-term variations in hormonal levels. The secretion of hormones such as renin and human growth hormone are strongly influenced by sleep or wake state, while melatonin and cortisol levels are relatively unaffected by sleep or wake state. In addition, sleep is associated with changes in posture, behavior, and light exposure, each of which is known to affect endocrine secretion. Furthermore, the tight concordance of habitual sleep and wake times with certain circadian phases has made it difficult to distinguish sleep and circadian effects on these hormones. Specific protocols, designed to extract circadian and sleep information semi-independently, have been developed and have yielded important insights into the effects of these regulatory processes. These results may help to account for changes in endocrine rhythms observed in circadian rhythm sleep disorders, including the dyssomnia of shift work and visual impairment. Yet to be fully investigated are the interactions of these factors with age and gender. Characterization of the factors governing hormone secretion is critical to understanding the temporal regulation of endocrine systems and presents many exciting areas for future research.