Three New Cretaceous Aculeate Wasps (Hymenoptera)
Three New Cretaceous Aculeate Wasps (Hymenoptera)
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DOI：
10.1155/1969/78582
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发表时间：
1969
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
H. Evans
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Evans
针叶膜翅目在中生代仅见于上白垩世的Cretavus siBiricus(Sharov，1957)和蚂蚁Sphecmyr~na freyl，后者来自上白垩世下部的两个工蚁(Wilson，Carpenter和Brown，1967)。黄蜂显然与生物形式非常相似，然而，从绿河页岩中得知的始新世时代(Cockerell，1922)，就像几只蚂蚁一样，波罗的海琥珀中出现了各种各样的黄蜂、蚂蚁和蜜蜂。因此，针叶蜂似乎很可能在白垩纪经历了一次辐射，尽管这一时期昆虫化石的稀缺使得记录这种辐射变得困难。最近，我注意到了来自白垩纪沉积物的三只黄蜂化石。这些确实表明，在中生代结束之前，针叶类变得相当多样化。其中一种黄蜂，我已将其归入新属Archisphex，具有普遍的针状脉序，但很可能是球状脉序。只有一个机翼被保存下来，但这一机翼状况良好，值得注意的是，这是在下白垩世沉积中发现的第一个针状化石的证据。第二种黄蜂，被描述在新属里斯波纳马，是一种毫无疑问的球虫，具有与现代的斯皮洛梅纳属(天牛亚科)惊人相似的特化的翅脉。它是从加拿大马尼托巴省雪松湖琥珀的无头但保存完好的标本中得知的。在这些沉积物中的另一种黄蜂是一种明显与杜鹃黄蜂有亲缘关系的黄蜂，我将其归入新属Procleptes；它也保存得相当完好，尽管缺少了大部分翅膀。因此，现在有证据表明，白垩纪存在三种不同的针叶类动物(球类、鱼纲和蚂蚁)。Cretavus通常被认为是一种脊柱侧凸(尽管有某些不寻常的翅膀特征)，而Eumenidae黄蜂是始新世就知道的
Aculeate Hymenoptera have been known from the Mesozoic only from the Upper Cretaceous wasp Cretavus sibiricus (Sharov, 1957) and the ant Sphecomyr~ na freyl, known from two workers from the lower part of the Upper Cretaceous (Wilson, Carpenter, and Brown, 1967). Wasps evidently quite similar to living forms are, however, known from the Green River shales, of Eocene age (Cockerell, 1922), as are several ants, and a diversity of wasps, ants, and bees occur in Baltic Amber. Thus it has seemed probable that the Aculeata underwent a radiation in the Cretaceous, although the scarcity of fossil insects from this period has made it difficult to document this radiation.Quite recently three fossil wasps from Cretaceous deposits have come to my attention. These do indeed indicate that the Aculeata became quite diversified before the end of the Mesozoic. One of these wasps, which I have placed in the new genus Archisphex, has a generalized aculeate venation but is very probably a sphecid. Only one wing is preserved, but this is in good condition and is noteworthy as the first evidence of an aculeate to be found in Lower Cretaceous deposits. A second wasp, described in the new genus Lisponema, is an undoubted sphecid, having a specialized wing venation strikingly similar'to that of the modern genus Spilomena (Pemphredoninae). It is known from a headless but otherwise well preserved specimen from Cedar Lake Amber (Manitoba, Canada). Another wasp in these same deposits is a bethyloid obviously related to the cuckoo wasps, which I have placed in the new genus Procleptes; it is also quite well preserved although lacking most of the wings. Thus there is now evidence that three diverse stocks of aculeates (sphecids, bethyloids, and ants) were present in the Cretaceous. Cretavus is usually assumed to be a scolioid (although there are certain unusual features of the wing), and eumenid wasps are known from the Eocene