Dramatic variation of the vomeronasal pheromone receptor gene repertoire among five orders of placental and marsupial mammals
Dramatic variation of the vomeronasal pheromone receptor gene repertoire among five orders of placental and marsupial mammals
复制标题
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0501589102
复制
发表时间：
2005-04-19
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Zhang, JZ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grus, WE;Shi, P;Zhang, JZ
信息素是由同种动物释放和感知的化学物质，引起社会和性反应，在陆生脊椎动物中主要通过犁鼻器（VNO）感知。哺乳动物VNO中的信息素受体由V1R和V2R基因超家族编码。在小鼠和大鼠中，V1R超家族分别包含187和102个puploid功能基因。为了研究这种大的剧目大小是否是典型的哺乳动物与功能VNO，我们在这里描述的V1R剧目的狗，牛，负鼠的基因组序列的基础上，他们的草案。狗和牛分别只有8个和32个完整的V1R基因。因此，完整的V1R库的大小变化至少23倍，胎盘哺乳动物与功能性VNO。据我们所知，这个大小比例代表了所有哺乳动物基因家族中基因家族大小的最大物种间变异。胎盘V1R基因的系统发育分析表明，在食肉动物和偶蹄类动物的祖先基因的多个损失和啮齿类动物的基因复制的许多新的基因的收益，表现出大量的基因出生和死亡。我们还确定了49个完整的负鼠V1R基因，并发现独立的扩展的剧目在胎盘和有袋动物。我们进一步表明V1R剧目的大小和VNO形态的复杂性之间的一致性，这表明后者可以表明物种内的信息素通信的复杂性。总之，我们的研究结果表明哺乳动物V1R基因库存的巨大多样性和快速进化，并警告VNO生物学从啮齿动物到所有哺乳动物的推广。
Pheromones are chemicals emitted and sensed by conspecifics to elicit social and sexual responses and are perceived in terrestrial vertebrates primarily by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Pheromone receptors in the mammalian VNO are encoded by the V1R and V2R gene superfamilies. The V1R superfamily contains 187 and 102 putatively functional genes in the mouse and rat, respectively. To investigate whether this large repertoire size is typical among mammals with functional VNOs, we here describe the V1R repertoires of dog, cow, and opossum based on their draft genome sequences. The dog and cow have only 8 and 32 intact V1R genes, respectively. Thus, the intact V1R repertoire size varies by at least 23-fold among placental mammals with functional VNOs. To our knowledge, this size ratio represents the greatest among-species variation in gene family size of all mammalian gene families. Phylogenetic analysis of placental V1R genes suggests multiple losses of ancestral genes in carnivores and artiodactyls and gains of many new genes by gene duplication in rodents, manifesting massive gene births and deaths. We also identify 49 intact opossum V1R genes and discover independent expansions of the repertoire in placentals and marsupials. We further show a concordance between the V1R repertoire size and the complexity of VNO morphology, suggesting that the latter could indicate the sophistication of pheromone communications within species. In sum, our results demonstrate tremendous diversity and rapid evolution of mammalian V1R gene inventories and caution the generalization of VNO biology from rodents to all mammals.