Topical Referents for Individuals and Possibilities
Topical Referents for Individuals and Possibilities
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个人和可能性的主题参考
DOI：
10.3765/salt.v11i0.2854
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Bittner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Bittner
在一篇经典论文中，Partee（1973）详细指出了英语中时态和代词之间的指称和照应相似之处。从那时起，这些相似之处就被成功地用语篇指称和回指的领域中立原则来分析--在Kamp & Reyle（1993）中得到了最充分的发展--这些原则一致地适用于各种逻辑类型的指称。这些包括普通的个人（国王和卷心菜类）以及时间，事件和国家。长期以来，人们都知道指称平行语甚至可以延伸到情态领域--这是卡普兰（Kaplan，1978）的发现。最近，照应的平行关系也得到了扩展。在直觉层面上，现在有一种共识，即个人和可能性在指称和回指方面是平等的。但它仍然是一个悬而未决的问题，是否在模态域中的个人的形式模拟-在直观上，一种可能性-是一个可能的世界（如卡普兰1978年，Schlenker 1999年），一类可能的世界（斯通1997年）或动态更新（例如，Frank & Kamp 1997）。与这个问题正交的是，在Grosz等人（1995）的中心理论的意义上，在所有语义域中，一些指称物比其他指称物更中心。例如，Stone & Hardt（1997）指出，英语中的“草率”省略可以概括为所有的语义域，它可以被统一地分析为对中心敏感的指称的严格语篇回指，带有由于中心转移而造成的草率错觉。在本文中，我首先提出跨语言的证据，个人和可能性之间的相似之处确实是普遍存在的。此外，中心平行线甚至比迄今为止所认识到的更为详细。这些相似之处支持这样一种观点，即一种可能性--个体的模态模拟--最好作为一类可能世界来分析，如Stone（1997）所述。采用这种观点，我然后开发了一种语义表示语言，我称之为“中心世界的变革逻辑”，在其中可以正式解释观察到的跨领域相似之处。这种逻辑结合了来自三个来源的理论见解：Muskens（1995年）的变化逻辑，Stone（1997年）对情态回指的扩展，以及Bittner（2001年）提出的相关逻辑。
In a classic paper Partee (1973) noted detailed referential and anaphoric parallels between tenses and pronouns in English. Since then these parallels have been successfully analyzed in terms of domain-neutral principles of discourse reference and anaphora — most fully developed in Kamp & Reyle (1993) — which apply uniformly to referents of various logical types. These include ordinary individuals (the kings and cabbages sort) as well as times, events and states. The referential parallel has long been known to extend even further, to the modal domain — a discovery due to Kaplan (1978). More recently, the anaphoric parallel has likewise been extended. At the intuitive level, there is now consensus that individuals and possibilities are on a par for the purposes of reference and anaphora. But it remains an open question whether the formal analogue of an individual in the modal domain — in intuitive terms, a possibility — is a possible world (as in Kaplan 1978, Schlenker 1999), a class of possible worlds (Stone 1997) or a dynamic update (e.g., Frank & Kamp 1997). Orthogonal to this issue, it has also been observed that in all semantic domains some referents are more central than others, in the sense of the centering theory of Grosz et al (1995). For example, Stone & Hardt (1997) show that ‘sloppy’ ellipsis in English generalizes across all semantic domains, and that it can be uniformly analyzed as strict discourse anaphora to center-sensitive referents, with the illusion of sloppiness due to center shift. In this paper I first present crosslinguistic evidence that the parallels between individuals and possibilities are indeed pervasive. Moreover, the centering parallels are even more detailed than has so far been recognized. These parallels favor the view that a possibility — the modal analogue of an individual — is best analyzed as a class of possible worlds, as in Stone (1997). Adopting this view, I then develop a semantic representation language, which I call Logic of Change with Centered Worlds, in which the observed cross-domain parallels can be formally explicated. This logic combines theoretical insights drawn from three sources: the Logic of Change of Muskens (1995), the extension to modal anaphora due to Stone (1997), and the related Logic of Change with Centering presented in Bittner (2001).