FERTILISER APPLICATION PRACTICES AND NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN SMALLHOLDER OIL PALM PLANTATIONS IN INDONESIA
FERTILISER APPLICATION PRACTICES AND NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN SMALLHOLDER OIL PALM PLANTATIONS IN INDONESIA
复制标题
印度尼西亚小农油棕种植园的施肥实践和养分缺乏
作者：
L. Woittiez;S. Turhina;Desnawaty Deccy;M. Slingerland;M. van Noordwijk;K. Giller
总结油棕榈已成为印度尼西亚小农的重要收入来源，但小农种植园的生产力普遍较差。养分限制已被认为是产量的一个重要农艺限制。我们的研究旨在量化独立小农种植园样本中的肥料使用，土壤和组织营养状况以及棕榈生长和产量。我们选择了49个种植园在印度尼西亚的两个省的对比土壤。对于所有种植园，我们获得了自我报告的肥料使用和产量数据，收集了土壤和组织样本，并分析了营养生长。其中一个试验点的氮肥施用量超过了170 kg/ha，两个试验点的磷肥施用量都超过了推荐量，但农民的钾肥平均施用量低于100 kg/ha。土壤中的棕榈圈贫N，P和K在29，40和82%的种植园，并在57，61和80%的小叶样本，分别测量不足。我们发现组织营养浓度和营养生长之间存在统计学上的显著相关性，但数据中的很大一部分变化仍然没有得到解释。在>80%的人工林中，单叶面积减少。平均产量估计为水限制潜力的50 - 70%。我们的研究结果表明，广泛的营养失衡和不足，特别是钾和磷，发生在小农油棕榈种植园，由于不充分和不平衡的施肥做法。这些缺陷可能是整体生产力低下的重要根本原因，威胁到小农部门的经济和环境可持续性。
SUMMARY Oil palm has become an important source of revenue for smallholders in Indonesia, but productivity of smallholder plantations is generally poor. Nutrient limitations have been suggested as an important agronomic constraint to yield. Our research aimed to quantify fertiliser use, soil and tissue nutrient status, and palm growth and yield in a sample of independent smallholder plantations. We selected 49 plantations in Indonesia in two provinces with contrasting soils. For all plantations, we obtained self-reported fertiliser use and yield data, collected soil and tissue samples, and analysed vegetative growth. More than 170 kg N ha−1 year−1 was applied in one site, and P was applied in excess of recommended quantities in both sites, but on average farmers applied less than 100 kg K ha−1 year−1. Soils in the palm circle were poor in N, P and K in 29, 40 and 82% of the plantations, and deficiencies were measured in 57, 61 and 80% of the leaflet samples, respectively. We found statistically significant correlations between tissue nutrient concentrations and vegetative growth, but a large part of the variation in the data remained unaccounted for. Single leaf area was reduced in >80% of the plantations. Average yields were estimated to be 50‒70% of the water-limited potential. Our results demonstrate that widespread nutrient imbalances and deficiencies, especially potassium and phosphorus, occur in smallholder oil palm plantations, due to inadequate and unbalanced fertiliser application practices. These deficiencies may be an important underlying cause of the overall poor productivity, which threatens the economic and environmental sustainability of the smallholder sector.