UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the UK Earth System Model
UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the UK Earth System Model
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DOI：
10.1029/2019ms001739
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发表时间：
2019-12-21
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Zerroukat, Mohamed
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sellar, Alistair A.;Jones, Colin G.;Zerroukat, Mohamed
我们记录了英国第一版的发展地球系统模型UKESM 1.该模型代表了其前身HadGEM 2-ES的重大进步，增强了所有组件模型和新的反馈机制。其中包括一个新的核心物理模型，具有清晰的平流层;陆地生态地球化学，具有碳和氮的耦合循环和加强的土地管理;对流层-平流层化学，可以整体模拟臭氧、甲烷和一氧化二氮的辐射强迫;两个时刻，五个物种，模态气溶胶;海洋生态地球化学，具有与碳循环和大气气溶胶的双向耦合。UKESM 1中海洋、陆地和大气物理气候和生物地球化学循环之间耦合的复杂性对于地球系统模型来说是前所未有的。我们详细描述了耦合模型的开发和调整过程，以在关键物理量和地球系统量方面实现可接受的性能，并讨论了在其组件之间具有复杂连接的模型中减轻偏差所涉及的挑战。总体而言，该模型表现良好，具有稳定的工业化前状态，并与其历史模拟后期的观测结果吻合良好。然而，从1950年到1970年，全球平均表面温度表现出比观测到的更强的冷却，随后从1980年到2014年迅速变暖。理想化模拟的结果表明，相对于前几代模式，该模式具有较高的气候敏感性：平衡气候敏感性为5.4 K，瞬态气候响应范围为2.68至2.85 K，瞬态气候对累积排放的响应为2.49至2.66 K TtC（-1）。
We document the development of the first version of the U.K. Earth System Model UKESM1. The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2-ES, with enhancements to all component models and new feedback mechanisms. These include a new core physical model with a well-resolved stratosphere; terrestrial biogeochemistry with coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles and enhanced land management; tropospheric-stratospheric chemistry allowing the holistic simulation of radiative forcing from ozone, methane, and nitrous oxide; two-moment, five-species, modal aerosol; and ocean biogeochemistry with two-way coupling to the carbon cycle and atmospheric aerosols. The complexity of coupling between the ocean, land, and atmosphere physical climate and biogeochemical cycles in UKESM1 is unprecedented for an Earth system model. We describe in detail the process by which the coupled model was developed and tuned to achieve acceptable performance in key physical and Earth system quantities and discuss the challenges involved in mitigating biases in a model with complex connections between its components. Overall, the model performs well, with a stable pre-industrial state and good agreement with observations in the latter period of its historical simulations. However, global mean surface temperature exhibits stronger-than-observed cooling from 1950 to 1970, followed by rapid warming from 1980 to 2014. Metrics from idealized simulations show a high climate sensitivity relative to previous generations of models: Equilibrium climate sensitivity is 5.4 K, transient climate response ranges from 2.68 to 2.85 K, and transient climate response to cumulative emissions is 2.49 to 2.66 K TtC(-1).