Simulations of the flow in the Mahakam river–lake–delta system, Indonesia
Simulations of the flow in the Mahakam river–lake–delta system, Indonesia
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DOI：
10.1007/s10652-016-9445-4
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发表时间：
2016-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Chien Pham Van;Benjamin de Brye;É. Deleersnijder;A. Hoitink;M. Sassi;B. Spinewine;H. Hidayat;S. Soares-Frazão
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文献类型：
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作者：
Chien Pham Van;Benjamin de Brye;É. Deleersnijder;A. Hoitink;M. Sassi;B. Spinewine;H. Hidayat;S. Soares-Frazão
大江大河往往呈现河—湖—三角洲系统，受人类活动和河流流量、潮汐、气候变化、干旱、洪水等多种自然因素的综合影响，流量时空尺度变化较大。能够模拟这些河流-湖泊-三角洲系统中的流量的数值模型对于研究它们并预测它们在各种强迫影响下的演变至关重要。这是因为它们提供的信息无法通过足够的时间和空间细节轻松测量。在本研究中，我们在有限元模型 SLIM 的框架内结合一维截面平均 (1D) 和二维深度平均 (2D) 模型来模拟 Mahakam 河流-湖泊-三角洲系统（印度尼西亚）中的流动。代表 Mahakam 河和四个支流的 1D 模型与在 Mahakam 三角洲、邻近的望加锡海峡以及河流流域中部的三个湖泊上实施的 2D 非结构化网格模型耦合。利用五个站的水位观测，校准河流及其支流、湖泊、三角洲和邻近沿海地区的底部摩擦力。接下来，使用另一段时间对各个站的水位、流速和排水量的观测来验证模型。实施了几个标准来评估模拟的质量，并且在校准和验证阶段实现了模拟和观察之间的良好一致性。流量的不同方面，即三角洲两个分叉处的水的划分、湖泊对系统下部流量的影响、潮汐传播的面积，也被量化和讨论。
Large rivers often present a river–lake–delta system, with a wide range of temporal and spatial scales of the flow due to the combined effects of human activities and various natural factors, eg, river discharge, tides, climatic variability, droughts, floods. Numerical models that allow for simulating the flow in these river–lake–delta systems are essential to study them and predict their evolution under the impact of various forcings. This is because they provide information that cannot be easily measured with sufficient temporal and spatial detail. In this study, we combine one-dimensional sectional-averaged (1D) and two-dimensional depth-averaged (2D) models, in the framework of the finite element model SLIM, to simulate the flow in the Mahakam river–lake–delta system (Indonesia). The 1D model representing the Mahakam River and four tributaries is coupled to the 2D unstructured mesh model implemented on the Mahakam Delta, the adjacent Makassar Strait, and three lakes in the central part of the river catchment. Using observations of water elevation at five stations, the bottom friction for river and tributaries, lakes, delta, and adjacent coastal zone is calibrated. Next, the model is validated using another period of observations of water elevation, flow velocity, and water discharge at various stations. Several criteria are implemented to assess the quality of the simulations, and a good agreement between simulations and observations is achieved in both calibration and validation stages. Different aspects of the flow, ie, the division of water at two bifurcations in the delta, the effects of the lakes on the flow in the lower part of the system, the area of tidal propagation, are also quantified and discussed.