Marine surface temperature: Observed variations and data requirements
Marine surface temperature: Observed variations and data requirements
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DOI：
10.1007/bf01095162
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发表时间：
1995-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Jackson, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Parker, DE;Folland, CK;Jackson, M
海洋表面温度测量是全球气候观测系统(GCOS)不可或缺的一部分。我们描述了从十九世纪中叶到现在卫星数据测量的不同覆盖范围，以及正在进行的扩大现有数字化数据库的努力。我们下一次调查试图消除海洋表面温度(SST)和海洋气温(MAT)数据的系统性偏差，并以一致的方式将现场SST和卫星SST结合起来。我们还描述了1961-90年海温和夜间垫层的新的或计划的地理上完整的气候。预计这将比南大洋和其他观测稀少地区的现有气候更可靠。新的海温气候学已被用于建立一个改进的地理上完整的海冰和海温数据集：简要回顾了所使用的技术，以及其他分析和评估全球海温的方法。我们给出了1856-1994年全球和区域海温和夜间海温异常(即与参考气候学的偏差)的时间序列，该序列使用了迄今为止最完整的数据和最佳估计偏差校正。这些序列与以前发表的序列进行了比较，并通过与沿海和岛屿站气温异常的比较进行了验证。通过冻结网格实验评估了时间序列对不完全覆盖的敏感性。这些结果突出表明，有必要在全球气候观测系统内不断开发SST和MAT数据库，以监测气候变化，并改进分析方法，以便以最佳方式将信号与不完整的数据分开。
Measurements of temperature at the ocean surface are an indispensible part of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). We describe the varying coverage of these measurements from the mid-nineteenth century through to the present era of satellite data, along with ongoing attempts to augment the available digitized data base. We next survey attempts to remove systematic biases from both sea surface temperature (SST) and marine air temperature (MAT) data and to combine in situ and satellite SSTs in a consistent manner. We also describe new or planned geographically complete climatologies of SST and night MAT for 1961-90. These are expected to be more reliable than existing climatologies in the Southern Ocean and other sparsely-observed areas. The new SST climatology has been used in the construction of an improved geographically-complete data set of sea ice and SST: the techniques used are briefly reviewed, as are other methods of analysis and assessment of worldwide SST.We present global and regional time series of anomalies (i.e. deviations from reference climatology) of SST and night MAT for 1856 to 1994 constructed using the most complete data and best-estimate bias-corrections hitherto available. These series are compared with earlier published series, and are validated by means of comparisons with anomalies of air temperature from coastal and island stations. The sensitivity of the time series to imperfect coverage is assessed by means of frozen grid experiments. The results underscore the need for ongoing development of SST and MAT data bases within GCOS for the detection of climatic change, and for improved methods of analysis to optimally isolate the signals from incomplete data.