The locomotor apparatus of one of the smallest beetles - The thoracic skeletomuscular system of Nephanes titan (Coleoptera, Ptiliidae)
The locomotor apparatus of one of the smallest beetles - The thoracic skeletomuscular system of Nephanes titan (Coleoptera, Ptiliidae)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.asd.2019.01.002
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Polilov, Alexey A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yavorskaya, Margarita, I;Beutel, Rolf G.;Polilov, Alexey A.
本文详细地观察和描述了微小的鳍状肾蝠的翼胸结构。小型化的影响和系统发育和功能背景进行了讨论。与Hydraenidae共有的异形是大的后表皮盾，沿着翅膀后缘的刚毛沿着边缘，以及中腹片与中上腹片的融合。凤蝶科的特徴是高度修饰的羽毛状翅膀，强烈拉长的翼肢，中转子的缺失，胸后胸膜翼关节的扩大，以及直接飞行肌肉组织的简化。大多数与昆虫遗传相关的特征与小型化有关，特别是翅膀和骨骼的改变，例如减少的翅膜或简化的后背板没有明显的背翅突起。羽翅类昆虫的飞行特征明显不同于其他昆虫，例如鞘翅的跳动幅度异常高，翅膀返回运动的独特轨迹，以及上下拍打的存在。通过比较翅形甲虫和大型隐翅虫形甲虫的主飞行肌的横截面，我们发现最小的甲虫的主飞行肌相对较小。这可能反映了羽状羽毛翅膀的空气动力学效率高于其他群体中常见的膜状翅膀。(C)2019爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
Pterothoracic structures of the minute ptiliid Nephanes titan were examined and described in detail. Effects of miniaturization and the phylogenetic and functional background are discussed. Apomorphies shared with Hydraenidae are the large metascutal shield, the fringe of setae along the posterior edge of the wings, and the fusion of the mesoventrite with the mesanepisternum. Autapomorphies of Ptiliidae are the highly modified feather-like wings, the strongly elongated alacristae, the loss of the mesotrochantin, the enlarged metathoracic pleural wing joint, and the simplification of the direct flight musculature. Most phylogenetically relevant features are linked with miniaturization, especially the modifications of the wings and skeleton, for instance the reduced wing membrane or the simplified metanotum without distinct notal wing processes. Ptiliids show flight characteristics that distinctly differ from what is known in other insects, such as an unusually high amplitude of beats of the elytra, and a unique trajectory of wing return movements, as well as the presence of upper and lower claps. A comparison of cross-sections of ptiliid principal flight muscles with those of larger staphyliniform beetles suggests that muscles of the tiniest beetles are relatively smaller. This may reflect the higher aerodynamic efficiency of ptiliid feather wings compared to the common membranous wings found in other groups. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.