THE FUNGI: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1 MILLION SPECIES?
THE FUNGI: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1 MILLION SPECIES?
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DOI：
10.3732/ajb.1000298
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Blackwell, Meredith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blackwell, Meredith
研究目的：真菌是某些生态系统中的主要分解者，也是许多生物体的重要伙伴。它们提供酶和药物，并作为实验生物。1991年，一篇具有里程碑意义的论文估计，地球上有150万种真菌。由于当时只有70000种真菌被描述，这一估计一直是寻找以前未知真菌的动力。真菌栖息地包括土壤、水和可能含有大量未被充分研究的真菌的生物体，估计数量至少是植物的6倍。基于高通量测序方法的最新估计表明，存在多达510万种真菌物种。方法：技术进步使应用分子方法来开发稳定的分类以及发现和鉴定真菌类群成为可能。关键结果：在不到20年的时间里，分子方法极大地增加了我们对真菌的了解，揭示了一个单系王国和早期分歧的谱系之间的多样性增加。真菌学家在物种发现方面取得了重大进展，但仍有许多真菌有待发现。结论：真菌是必不可少的许多群体的生物体，他们形成协会的生存。它们还作为无脊椎动物的捕食者、土豆和水稻以及人类和蝙蝠的病原体、青蛙和小龙虾的杀手、降低胆固醇的次级代谢产物的产生者以及获奖研究的对象而引起人们的关注。正在使用和开发中的分子工具可以用来发现世界上未知的真菌在不到1000年的预测在目前的新物种收购率。
Premise of the study: Fungi are major decomposers in certain ecosystems and essential associates of many organisms. They provide enzymes and drugs and serve as experimental organisms. In 1991, a landmark paper estimated that there are 1.5 million fungi on the Earth. Because only 70 000 fungi had been described at that time, the estimate has been the impetus to search for previously unknown fungi. Fungal habitats include soil, water, and organisms that may harbor large numbers of understudied fungi, estimated to outnumber plants by at least 6 to 1. More recent estimates based on high-throughput sequencing methods suggest that as many as 5.1 million fungal species exist.Methods: Technological advances make it possible to apply molecular methods to develop a stable classification and to discover and identify fungal taxa.Key results: Molecular methods have dramatically increased our knowledge of Fungi in less than 20 years, revealing a monophyletic kingdom and increased diversity among early-diverging lineages. Mycologists are making significant advances in species discovery, but many fungi remain to be discovered.Conclusions: Fungi are essential to the survival of many groups of organisms with which they form associations. They also attract attention as predators of invertebrate animals, pathogens of potatoes and rice and humans and bats, killers of frogs and crayfish, producers of secondary metabolites to lower cholesterol, and subjects of prize-winning research. Molecular tools in use and under development can be used to discover the world's unknown fungi in less than 1000 years predicted at current new species acquisition rates.