Hormone function in plants
Hormone function in plants
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-12-811562-6.00001-3
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Li, Jiayang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Smith, Steven M.;Li, Chuanyou;Li, Jiayang
有许多内源信号和调控分子可以影响植物的生长、发育和生理。荷尔蒙是专门为信号而产生的。它们通常从合成位点转运到遥远的作用位点，而且它们的浓度很低。相比之下，其他一些化学物质可能提供信号，但这可能不是它们的主要功能或活性，如初级代谢物、活性氧（ROS）和无机离子，它们通常在单个细胞内局部起作用。激素家族包括生长素、细胞分裂素（CK）、赤霉素（GA）、脱落酸（ABA）、乙烯（ETH）、油菜素内酯（BR）、独角麦内酯（SL）、水杨酸（SA）、茉莉酸盐（JA）和多肽。它们是由常见的代谢前体合成的，但使用特殊的途径，它们的产生在空间和时间上都受到严格的控制。所有的激素都影响着植物的多个方面的功能，它们影响着彼此的合成和作用。激素、环境信号和发育程序之间的相互作用非常复杂，整个系统的描述和建模非常具有挑战性。一些激素受体是膜锚定的（CK、ETH、BR和多肽），而另一些是可溶性的（生长素、GA、ABA、SA、茉莉酸（JA）和SL）。共受体复合物在激素感知过程中形成，包括生长素（与IAA/AUX转录抑制蛋白），JA（与JAZ转录抑制蛋白）和ABA（与磷酸蛋白磷酸酶PPC2）。激素感知可通过蛋白磷酸化级联（如ABA、CK、BR和多肽）导致信号转导。其他激素受体复合物触发与F-box蛋白和泛素化酶的相互作用，这些泛素化酶靶向蛋白质，如转录抑制因子，可被26S蛋白酶体降解（如生长素、GA、SA、JA和SL）。这些信号改变了蛋白质活性和基因转录，从而改变了植物的发育和生理。激素的影响是如此深远，以至于通过20世纪的育种和农业化学方法，它们为我们提供了高产、营养丰富和适应力强的作物。在21世纪，我们期待植物激素来帮助满足日益增长的粮食生产需求，在越来越具有挑战性的环境条件下。
There are many endogenous signaling and regulatory molecules which can influence the growth, development and physiology of plants. Hormones are produced specifically for signaling. They are often transported from sites of synthesis to distant sites of action and they operate at very low concentrations. In contrast, some other chemicals may provide signals, but it may not be their main function or activity, such as primary metabolites, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inorganic ions, and they often act locally within individual cells. The hormone family includes auxins, cytokinins (CK), gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroids (BR), strigolactones (SL), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonates (JA), and peptides. They are synthesized from common metabolic precursors, but use specialized pathways, and their production is very strictly controlled, both spatially and temporally. All hormones influence multiple aspects of plant function, and they influence the synthesis and actions of each other. The interactions between hormones, environmental signals, and developmental programs are so complex that the description and modeling of the whole system is very challenging. Some hormone receptors are membrane anchored (CK, ETH, BR, and peptides) while others are soluble (auxin, GA, ABA, SA, jasmonic acid (JA), and SL). Co-receptor complexes are formed during perception of hormones including auxin (with IAA/AUX transcriptional repressor proteins), JA (with JAZ transcriptional repressor proteins), and ABA (with phosphoprotein phosphatase PPC2). Hormone perception can lead to signal transduction through protein phosphorylation cascades (e.g., ABA, CK, BR, and peptides). Other hormone-receptor complexes trigger interaction with F-box proteins and ubiquitination enzymes that target proteins such as transcriptional repressors for degradation by the 26S proteasome (e.g., auxin, GA, SA, JA, and SL). Such signaling changes protein activities and gene transcription, with consequent changes to plant development and physiology. The effects of hormones are so profound that through breeding and agrochemical approaches in the 20th century, they gave us high-yielding, nutritious and resilient crops. In the 21st century we look to plant hormones to help meet the increasing demand for food production under ever-more challenging environmental conditions.