Environmental heterogeneity modifies the link between personality and survival in fluctuating small mammal populations
Environmental heterogeneity modifies the link between personality and survival in fluctuating small mammal populations
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环境异质性改变了波动的小型哺乳动物种群的个性与生存之间的联系
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2656.14037
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Mortelliti, Alessio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brehm, Allison M.;Mortelliti, Alessio
尽管有许多研究考察了动物个性的适应性后果，但关于个性与生存之间关系的预测与经验观察并不一致。理论预测，个人谁是有风险的（即大胆，积极和侵略性）应该有较高的死亡率，然而，经验证据表明，在野生population.We的行为生存关系的变化水平高，这之间的不匹配的预测理论和经验观察结果从环境的偶然性，驱动选择的异质性。这种不确定性可能会限制人格特质和生存之间的任何普遍的方向关系。具体来说，我们假设，由避难所丰度和竞争者密度的变化引起的感知风险的时空波动改变了人格特质和生存之间的关系。在一个大规模的操纵实验中，我们在随后的五年里在美国缅因州的六个森林中捕获了四种小型哺乳动物，这些森林采用不同的管理措施。林分都发生在同一个实验森林，但包含不同数量的避难所和小型哺乳动物的密度波动随着时间和空间。我们量化了栖息地结构和竞争者密度对人格特征与生存之间关系的影响，以评估方向关系是否因环境突发事件而不同。在两个最丰富的物种中，鹿鼠和南方红背田鼠，风险行为（即更高的侵略性和大胆性）预测了明显的每月生存概率。更具攻击性（不太温顺）的小鼠存活率更高。更大胆（不那么胆小）的田鼠有更高的生存率，但只在危险的森林中。此外，与压力应对和觉醒相关的特征增加了两个物种在高密度小型哺乳动物中的生存概率，但降低了低密度下的生存率。在两个不太丰富的研究物种，没有证据表明人格特质对survival.Our现场实验提供了部分支持我们的假设：即避难所丰度和竞争对手密度的时空波动改变人格特质和生存之间的关系。我们的研究结果还表明，与压力应对和去唤醒相关的行为可能受到密度依赖性选择的影响，应该进一步评估并纳入理论。
Despite numerous studies examining the fitness consequences of animal personalities, predictions concerning the relationship between personality and survival are not consistent with empirical observations. Theory predicts that individuals who are risky (i.e. bold, active and aggressive) should have higher rates of mortality; however, empirical evidence shows high levels of variation in behaviour–survival relationships in wild populations.We suggest that this mismatch between predictions under theory and empirical observations results from environmental contingencies that drive heterogeneity in selection. This uncertainty may constrain any universal directional relationships between personality traits and survival. Specifically, we hypothesize that spatiotemporal fluctuations in perceived risk that arise from variability in refuge abundance and competitor density alter the relationship between personality traits and survival.In a large‐scale manipulative experiment, we trapped four small mammal species in five subsequent years across six forest stands treated with different management practices in Maine, United States. Stands all occur within the same experimental forest but contain varying amounts of refuge and small mammal densities fluctuate over time and space. We quantified the effects of habitat structure and competitor density on the relationship between personality traits and survival to assess whether directional relationships differed depending on environmental contingencies.In the two most abundant species, deer mice and southern red‐backed voles, risky behaviours (i.e. higher aggression and boldness) predicted apparent monthly survival probability. Mice that were more aggressive (less docile) had higher survival. Voles that were bolder (less timid) had higher survival, but in the risky forest stands only. Additionally, traits associated with stress coping and de‐arousal increased survival probability in both species at high small mammal density but decreased survival at low density. In the two less abundant study species, there was no evidence for an effect of personality traits on survival.Our field experiment provides partial support for our hypothesis: that spatiotemporal fluctuations in refuge abundance and competitor density alter the relationship between personality traits and survival. Our findings also suggest that behaviours associated with stress coping and de‐arousal may be subject to density‐dependent selection and should be further assessed and incorporated into theory.