The labour trajectories of immigrant women in Spain: Are there signs of upward social mobility?
The labour trajectories of immigrant women in Spain: Are there signs of upward social mobility?
复制标题
西班牙移民妇女的劳动力轨迹：是否有社会向上流动的迹象？
DOI：
10.4054/demres.2014.31.13
复制
发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
P. Miret
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elena Vidal;P. Miret
在西班牙，外国出生的妇女从事家务或护理工作的比例过高，定量研究表明，女性移民在西班牙的第一份工作的职业地位方面相对于男性移民处于不利地位。然而，尚未探讨造成这种女性惩罚的过程。目的在本文中，我们专注于女性的职业流动性在移民和定居在西班牙。首先，我们比较了女性和男性在移民中的劳动力流动。其次，我们确定了主要的社会人口因素，这些因素增加了外国出生的妇女在西班牙的第一份工作是清洁工或家政工人的可能性。第三，我们调查女性劳动力的流动性，从移民的时间，特别是轨迹，导致远离清洁和家庭职业，并考虑职业流动的同化过程的重要性。方法：我们采用定量方法，西班牙的2007年全国移民调查（Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes），使用描述性（流动性矩阵）和简单和多项逻辑回归分析。我们包括主要的社会人口，家庭和移民的特点，在解释模型。结果我们的分析结果显示，女性移民到西班牙更有可能比他们的男性同行在移民时经历职业降级，41.6%的妇女在西班牙的第一份工作中从事家政服务。最后，我们的研究结果表明，虽然职业不动是常见的女性移民在西班牙，运动的家庭服务是可能的，特别是对最同化的移民妇女。结论本文contextualises在西班牙的女性移民，归因于劳动力市场的选择，由女性移民的家庭和清洁职业在私人家庭的外部化，和劳动力市场的性别分割。
BACKGROUND In Spain, foreign-born women are disproportionately employed in housework or care work, and quantitative research has shown that female migrants are disadvantaged relative to male migrants in the occupational status of their first job in Spain. However, the process that created this female penalty has not yet been explored. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we focus on female occupational mobility at migration and during settlement in Spain. First, we compare female and male labour mobility at migration. Second, we identify the main socio-demographic factors which increase the likelihood that the first job a foreign-born woman holds in Spain will be as a cleaner or a domestic worker. Third, we investigate female labour mobility from the time of migration, particularly trajectories that lead away from the cleaning and domestic occupations, and consider the importance of the assimilation process in occupational mobility. METHODS We apply quantitative methods to Spain’s 2007 National Immigrant Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes), using descriptive (mobility matrixes) and simple and multinomial logistic regression analyses. We include the main socio-demographic, family, and migratory characteristics of immigrants in the explanatory models. RESULTS The results of our analysis revealed that female migrants to Spain are more likely than their male counterparts to experience occupational downgrading at the time of migration, and that 41.6% of women work in domestic services in their first job in Spain. Finally, our results have demonstrated that, although occupational immobility is common among female migrants in Spain, movement out of domestic services is possible, especially for the most assimilated immigrant women. CONCLUSIONS This paper contextualises female immigration in Spain, attributing the labour market choices made by female migrants to the externalisation of domestic and cleaning occupations in private households, and to the gender segmentation of the labour market.