Pacific salmon extinctions: Quantifying lost and remaining diversity
Pacific salmon extinctions: Quantifying lost and remaining diversity
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00693.x
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发表时间：
2007-08-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Hard, Jeffrey J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gustafson, Richard G.;Waples, Robin S.;Hard, Jeffrey J.
大范围的种群灭绝以及随之而来的生态、遗传和生活史多样性的丧失可能导致具有重要进化意义的单位（ESU）和物种的灭绝。本研究试图系统地对已灭绝的太平洋鲑鱼种群进行计数，并对太平洋鲑鱼（Chinook [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha]，sockeye [O. nerka]，cobo [O. kisutch]，chum [O.凯塔]和粉鲑[O. gorbuscha]和钢珠鳟鱼[O. mykiss]）来自美国西部毗连地区。我们估计，自欧美接触以来，这六个物种的近1400个历史种群中有29%已经从太平洋西北部和加州消失。在所有物种中，沿海地区（0.14灭绝）和内陆地区（0.55灭绝）之间的种群灭绝比例存在非常显着的差异。红鲑（通常依赖于湖泊栖息地饲养）和溪流成熟的奇努克鲑鱼（产卵前在淡水中停留数月）的人口损失比例明显高于其他物种和成熟类型。所有物种的主要生态、生活史和遗传生物多样性组成部分的总损失估计分别为33%、15%和27%。总的来说，我们认为这些种群灭绝代表了研究区域所有历史ESU的16%至30%的损失。另一方面，该地区三分之二以上的历史太平洋鲑鱼种群持续存在，在所有尺度上都保持着相当大的多样性。因为超过三分之一的剩余种群属于美国列出的受威胁或濒危物种。根据《濒危物种法》，很明显，在保护太平洋鲑鱼多样性的努力中，已经到了一个关键时刻。同样明显的是，现有多样性的持续存在和未来多样性的演变将取决于太平洋鲑鱼适应生物多样性改变的生境的能力。
Widespread population extirpations and the consequent loss of ecological, genetic, and life-history diversity can lead to extinction of evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) and species. We attempted to systematically enumerate extinct Pacific salmon populations and characterize lost ecological, life history, and genetic diversity types among six species of Pacific salmon (Chinook [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha], sockeye [O. nerka], cobo [O. kisutch], chum [O. keta], and pink salmon [O. gorbuscha] and steelbead trout [O. mykiss]) from the western contiguous United States. We estimated that, collectively, 29% of nearly 1400 historical populations of these six species have been lost from the Pacific Northwest and California since Euro-American contact. Across all species there was a highly significant difference in the proportion of population extinctions between coastal (0.14 extinct) and interior (0.55 extinct) regions. Sockeye salmon (which typically rely on lacustrine habitats for rearing) and stream-maturing Chinook salmon (which stay in freshwater for many months prior to spawning) had significantly higher proportional population losses than other species and maturation types. Aggregate losses of major ecological, life-history, and genetic biodiversity components across all species were estimated at 33%, 15%, and 27%, respectively. Collectively, we believe these population extirpations represent a loss of between 16% and 30% of all historical ESUs in the study area. On the other hand, over two-thirds of historical Pacific salmon populations in this area persist, and considerable diversity remains at all scales. Because over one-third of the remaining populations belong to threatened or endangered species listed under the US. Endangered Species Act, it is apparent that a critical juncture has been reached in efforts to preserve what remains of Pacific salmon diversity. It is also evident that persistence of existing, and evolution of future, diversity will depend on the ability of Pacific salmon to adapt to anthropogenically altered habitats.