Cultural Resilience of Social-ecological Systems in the Nenets and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Russia: A Focus on Reindeer Nomads of the Tundra
Cultural Resilience of Social-ecological Systems in the Nenets and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Russia: A Focus on Reindeer Nomads of the Tundra
复制标题
DOI：
10.5751/es-05791-180436
复制
发表时间：
2013-01-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Forbes, Bruce C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Forbes, Bruce C.
关于社会生态系统（SES）复原力的经验数据是根据俄罗斯邻近涅涅茨和亚马尔-涅涅茨自治区全职游牧民的当地和区域规模案例研究进行审查的。重点是有助于社会经济地位恢复力的关键文化因素。特别是，这项工作展示了位于特定苔原景观中的人们的综合观点，这些景观根据与石油和天然气开发相关的现有或规划的基础设施的不同，面临着截然不同的适应前景。将有助于总体复原力的因素与适应某些空间和时间背景的因素进行比较。环境因素包括充足的空间和丰富的资源，例如鱼类和野味（例如鹅），不仅可以增加迁徙牧民的饮食，还可以增加沿海定居点居民的饮食。与涅涅茨地区等其他地区不同，亚马尔涅涅茨家庭由完整的核心家庭组成，游牧苔原人口中的年轻人保留率很高。接受对气候变化和工业发展等外源驱动因素的态度似乎在人们如何应对极端天气事件和零碎没收或领土退化方面发挥着重要作用。意识到他们作为所占领领土的负责任管理者的角色，可能是几个世纪以来维持野生动物种群生存的一个因素。管理驯鹿放牧的机构仍然保持灵活性，特别是在亚马尔地区，因此可以根据牧民的需求和时间表做出敏感的决策。这会影响牛群人口统计、流动性和能量等因素。牧民自己的机构在现有治理制度内进一步促进了抵御能力，最近在后苏联时期，牧群转向规模较小、私人管理的牧群，这些牧群可以在经历快速社会经济、气候和土地利用变化的高度动态环境中更好地利用现有牧场。
Empirical data on resilience in social-ecological systems (SESs) are reviewed from local and regional scale case studies among full-time nomads in the neighboring Nenets and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Russia. The focus is on critical cultural factors contributing to SES resilience. In particular, this work presents an integrated view of people situated in specific tundra landscapes that face significantly different prospects for adaptation depending on existing or planned infrastructure associated with oil and gas development. Factors contributing to general resilience are compared to those that are adapted to certain spatial and temporal contexts. Environmental factors include ample space and an abundance of resources, such as fish and game (e. g., geese), to augment the diet of not only the migratory herders, but also residents from coastal settlements. In contrast to other regions, such as the Nenets Okrug, Yamal Nenets households consist of intact nuclear families with high retention among youth in the nomadic tundra population. Accepting attitudes toward exogenous drivers such as climate change and industrial development appear to play a significant role in how people react to both extreme weather events and piecemeal confiscation or degradation of territory. Consciousness of their role as responsible stewards of the territories they occupy has likely been a factor in maintaining viable wildlife populations over centuries. Institutions administering reindeer herding have remained flexible, especially on Yamal, and so accommodate decision-making that is sensitive to herders' needs and timetables. This affects factors such as herd demography, mobility and energetics. Resilience is further facilitated within the existing governance regimes by herders' own agency, most recently in the post-Soviet shift to smaller, privately managed herds that can better utilize available pastures in a highly dynamic environment experiencing rapid socio-economic, climate and land use change.