Microglia and Neuroinflammation
Microglia and Neuroinflammation
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小胶质细胞和神经炎症
DOI：
10.1093/med/9780190948894.003.0022
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
E. Benarroch
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Benarroch
小胶质细胞在发育和正常功能以及对损伤的反应过程中维持细胞、突触和髓磷脂的稳态。监视小胶质细胞通过动态扩展响应局部信号的薄过程来积极探索它们的环境。活化的（“反应性”或“效应器”）小胶质细胞构成异质群体，其表型根据其环境背景动态变化，并且可以介导损伤或神经保护、修复和回路完善。CNS中的任何类型的损伤都会诱发小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞前体的活化，在血脑屏障破坏的情况下，这些前体与来自血液的浸润细胞一起通过几种信号相互作用，以引起病原体的消除，限制病变的空间范围，并最终促进组织重塑、修复和髓鞘再生。神经炎症是基本上所有类型的神经系统疾病的特征，包括创伤性、血管性和炎性/脱髓鞘病变;自身免疫性脑炎;和神经退行性疾病，并且在癫痫和疼痛的机制中具有主要作用。
Microglia maintain cellular, synaptic, and myelin homeostasis during development and normal function and response to injury. Surveilling icroglia actively explore their environment by dynamically extending thin processes that respond to local signals. Activated (“reactive,” or “effector”) microglia constitute a heterogeneous population that dynamically change in phenotype depending on their environmental context and may mediate either injury or neuroprotection, repair, and circuit refinement. Any type of injury in the CNS elicits activation of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursors, which together with infiltrating cells from the blood in the case of blood-brain barrier disruption interact via several signals to elicit elimination of pathogens, limit the spatial extent of the lesion, and eventually promote tissue remodeling, repair, and remyelination. Neuroinflammation is a feature of essentially all types of neurologic disorders, including traumatic, vascular, and inflammatory/demyelinating lesions; autoimmune encephalitis; and neurodegenerative disorders and has a major role in mechanisms of epilepsy and pain.