An interaction between climate change and infectious disease drove widespread amphibian declines
An interaction between climate change and infectious disease drove widespread amphibian declines
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DOI：
10.1111/gcb.14489
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Rohr, Jason R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cohen, Jeremy M.;Civitello, David J.;Rohr, Jason R.
气候变化可能会通过改变物种之间的相互作用，如宿主-寄生虫之间的相互作用，导致物种减少。然而，很少有研究结合了实验，现场数据和历史气候记录，以提供证据表明气候变化和疾病之间的相互作用导致任何宿主下降。最近提出的一个假说，即热失配假说，可以确定在气候变化下易受疾病影响的宿主物种，因为它预测冷适应和热适应的宿主分别在异常温暖和寒冷的温度下易受疾病影响。在这里，我们进行实验Atelopus zeteki，一个极度濒危，圈养繁殖的青蛙，喜欢相对凉爽的温度，并表明，青蛙有高病原体负荷和高死亡率，只有当暴露于组合的致病壶菌真菌（Batrachochytrium dendrobaestrium）和高温，预测的热失配假说。此外，我们测试了各种假设，以解释最近经历的物种在两栖动物属Atelopus被认为是与B。Dendrobaetum的研究表明，这些下降最好用热失配假说来解释。在我们的实验中，只有温度的快速上升和传染病的结合才能解释下降的模式，特别是在适应相对凉爽环境的物种中。在结合实验后下降的主机在现场的时空模式，我们的研究结果是一致的假设，广泛的物种下降，包括可能的灭绝，已被驱动的温度升高和传染病之间的相互作用。此外，我们的研究结果表明，适应相对凉爽条件的宿主将最容易受到平均温度升高和新出现的传染病的影响。
Climate change might drive species declines by altering species interactions, such as host-parasite interactions. However, few studies have combined experiments, field data, and historical climate records to provide evidence that an interaction between climate change and disease caused any host declines. A recently proposed hypothesis, the thermal mismatch hypothesis, could identify host species that are vulnerable to disease under climate change because it predicts that cool- and warm-adapted hosts should be vulnerable to disease at unusually warm and cool temperatures, respectively. Here, we conduct experiments on Atelopus zeteki, a critically endangered, captively bred frog that prefers relatively cool temperatures, and show that frogs have high pathogen loads and high mortality rates only when exposed to a combination of the pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and high temperatures, as predicted by the thermal mismatch hypothesis. Further, we tested various hypotheses to explain recent declines experienced by species in the amphibian genus Atelopus that are thought to be associated with B. dendrobatidis and reveal that these declines are best explained by the thermal mismatch hypothesis. As in our experiments, only the combination of rapid increases in temperature and infectious disease could account for the patterns of declines, especially in species adapted to relatively cool environments. After combining experiments on declining hosts with spatiotemporal patterns in the field, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that widespread species declines, including possible extinctions, have been driven by an interaction between increasing temperatures and infectious disease. Moreover, our findings suggest that hosts adapted to relatively cool conditions will be most vulnerable to the combination of increases in mean temperature and emerging infectious diseases.