The effect of spectral composition and light intensity on melatonin, stress and retinal damage in post-smolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
The effect of spectral composition and light intensity on melatonin, stress and retinal damage in post-smolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.064
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发表时间：
2007-09
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
H. Migaud;M. Cowan;J. Taylor;H. Ferguson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Migaud;M. Cowan;J. Taylor;H. Ferguson
目前，金属卤化物灯已作为商业大西洋鲑鱼海水网箱的标准使用，作为通过抑制鳃来提高生产力的一种手段。然而，此类系统产生的亮点光源既不特定于环境也不特定于物种，并且可能会损害鱼类福利。发光二极管 (LED) 是目前正在为养鱼业开发的一种新型照明技术，可以通过窄带宽输出来调节环境和物种敏感性。然而，在实施这些新的高能量替代品之前，必须确定对鱼类的任何潜在不利影响。因此，本研究的目的是 (1) 确定增加蓝色 LED 光强度（0.199–2.7 W m−2，距光源 0.1 m）对光感知和应激反应的影响，以及 (2) 检查在这些条件下，小鲑鱼幼龄后大西洋鲑鱼 (Salmo salar) 的潜在视网膜损伤。还测试了白色 LED 灯以及非常高强度的金属卤化物阳性对照。结果首先表明，无论强度如何，鲑鱼都能感知蓝色 LED 光（基础褪黑激素水平保持不变）。其次，暴露于高强度蓝色 LED 光的鱼在 3 小时内表现出血浆皮质醇和葡萄糖水平增加，并在光照开始后 24 小时恢复到基础状态。在暴露于白色 LED 光和较低蓝光强度的鱼中没有观察到这种典型的急性应激反应，这可能表明对光的光谱内容的敏感性不同。没有观察到对非特异性免疫系统（溶菌酶活性）的影响。最后，对接受这些不同光处理的鱼的视网膜进行广泛的组织学检查，没有发现任何损伤的迹象。这证明了鱼类对光的适应机制的效率。
Metal halide lights are currently used as standard in commercial Atlantic salmon sea cages as a means of enhancing productivity through grilse inhibition. However, such systems create bright point light sources that are neither environment specific nor species specific and could potentially compromise fish welfare. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a new form of lighting technology currently being developed for the fish farming industry that can be tuned to environment and species sensitivities through narrow bandwidth outputs. However, prior to implementing these new high energy alternatives, any potential adverse effects must be determined in fish. The objectives of this study were thus (1) to determine the effect of increasing intensities of blue LED light (0.199–2.7 W m−2, at 0.1 m from the light source) on light perception and stress response, and (2) to examine potential retinal damage under these conditions in post-smolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. A white LED light was also tested, as well as a very high intensity metal halide positive control. Results demonstrated firstly that salmon perceived blue LED light (basal melatonin levels maintained) irrespective of intensity. Secondly, fish exposed to high intensity blue LED light showed an increase in plasma cortisol and glucose levels within 3 h, returning to a basal state 24 h post-light onset. This typical acute stress response was not observed in fish exposed to the white LED light and lower blue light intensities which could indicate differential sensitivities to spectral content of the light. No effects on the non-specific immune system (lysozyme activity) were observed. Finally, extensive histological examination of the retina from fish exposed to these various light treatments revealed no signs of damage. This demonstrates the efficiency of the adaptive mechanisms to light developed in fish.