Lethal and Teratogenic Impacts of Imazapyr, Diquat Dibromide, and Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulations Using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX)
Lethal and Teratogenic Impacts of Imazapyr, Diquat Dibromide, and Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulations Using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX)
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DOI：
10.1007/s00244-020-00756-5
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发表时间：
2020-09-08
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Van Wyk, Johannes Hannes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Babalola, Oluwaseun Olusegun;Truter, Johannes Christoff;Van Wyk, Johannes Hannes
在全球范围内，两栖动物正在经历广泛的异常和人口下降。造成这些挑战的一个潜在因素是农药的使用，特别是在两栖动物栖息的水生生境中使用水生除草剂。令人关注的关键问题是这些除草剂对两栖动物的潜在毒性和致畸性。使用FETAX方案，评估了三种全球使用的制剂，包括二溴敌草快（Midstream）、草铵膦（Basta）和咪草烟（Arsenal）的胚胎毒性、致畸性和生长抑制。在0.5-3.0 mg/L、1.6-3.0 mg/L和20-45 mg/L的浓度下，分别暴露于中游、巴斯塔和阿森纳的发育中的非洲爪蟾胚胎96 h。96小时LC（50）估计值为0.83 mg/L酸当量（a.e.），36 mg/L a.e.，和2.2 mg/L a.e.，而EC（50）估计值为0.24 mg/L a.e.，28.13 mg/L a.e.，和2.01 mg/L a.e.分别用于Midstream、Arsenal和Basta配方。这两个估计产生的致畸指数为3.5，1.3，和1.1的中游，阿森纳，巴斯塔，分别表明畸形诱导的中游和阿森纳的中度风险的高风险。关于生长抑制，计算出Midstream、Arsenal和Basta的最低可观察效应浓度分别为0.5 mg/L、25 mg/L和2.0 mg/L，这三种制剂的最低浓度抑制生长（MCIG）比分别为0.62、0.69和0.89。这些MICG值高于标准0.30生长抑制剂基准，表明在评价浓度下制剂不是生长抑制剂。本研究提供了Midstream的胚胎毒性和致畸性状态以及Basta的胚胎毒性的证据。有必要进一步研究这些制剂的生理和生态影响，以确保负责任地使用和两栖动物和其他野生动物的安全。
Globally, amphibians are experiencing widespread abnormalities and population declines. One potential contributor to these challenges is the use of pesticides, particularly aquatic herbicides applied to aquatic habitats inhabited by amphibians. Critical issues of concern are the potential toxicity and teratogenicity of these herbicides towards amphibians. Using the FETAX protocol, three globally used formulations, including diquat dibromide (Midstream), glufosinate ammonium (Basta), and imazapyr (Arsenal), were assessed for embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and growth inhibition. DevelopingXenopus laevisembryos were exposed for 96 h at concentrations of 0.5-3.0 mg/L, 1.6-3.0 mg/L, and 20-45 mg/L for Midstream, Basta, and Arsenal respectively. The 96-h LC(50)estimates were 0.83 mg/L acid equivalent (a.e.), 36 mg/L a.e., and 2.2 mg/L a.e., whereas the EC(50)estimates were 0.24 mg/L a.e., 28.13 mg/L a.e., and 2.01 mg/L a.e. for the Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta formulations, respectively. These two estimates produced Teratogenic Index of 3.5, 1.3, and 1.1 for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, indicating a high risk of malformation induction by Midstream and moderate risk for Arsenal. Regarding growth inhibition, lowest observable effect concentrations of 0.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L were computed for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, producing the minimum concentration inhibiting growth (MCIG) ratios of 0.62, 0.69, and 0.89 for the three formulations. These MICG values are higher than the standard 0.30 growth inhibitors benchmark, suggesting that the formulations are not growth inhibitors at the evaluated concentrations. This study provides evidence of the embryotoxic and teratogenic status of Midstream and the embryotoxicity of Basta. There is a need to further characterise the physiological and ecological impacts of these formulations to ensure responsible use and the safety of amphibians and other wildlife.