The aim and structure of applied research
The aim and structure of applied research
复制标题
应用研究的目的和结构
DOI：
10.1007/bf01129020
复制
发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
I. Niiniluoto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
I. Niiniluoto
众所周知，基础研究和应用研究之间的区别非常模糊，尽管基础研究和应用研究经常用于科学研究和科学政策。在大多数情况下，它基于诸如研究者的知识和意图或研究机构的类型等务实因素。有时，这种区别的有效性被完全否认。本文提出，有两种方法可以系统地区分基础研究和应用研究：（i）根据定义探究目标的“效用”，以及（ii）参考相关知识主张的结构。一种重要类型的应用研究旨在通过“技术规范”（冯赖特意义上的）表达的结果：如果你希望实现A，并且你相信你处于情况B，那么你应该做X。这种“设计科学”的概念使我们能够重新评估科学史、哲学和伦理学中的许多问题。
The distinction between basic and applied research is notoriously vague, despite its frequent use in science studies and in science policy. In most cases it is based on such pragmatic factors as the knowledge and intentions of the investigator or the type of research institute. Sometimes the validity of the distinction is denied altogether. This paper suggests that there are two ways of distinguishing systematically between basic and applied research: (i) in terms of the “utilities” that define the aims of inquiry, and (ii) by reference to the structure of the relevant knowledge claims. An important type of applied research aims at results that are expressed by “techical norms” (in von Wright's sense): if you wish to achieveA, and you believe you are in a situationB, then you should doX. This conception of “design sciences” allows us to re-evaluate many issues in the history, philosophy, and ethics of science.