Media Constructions of Culture, Race, and Ethnicity
Media Constructions of Culture, Race, and Ethnicity
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文化、种族和民族的媒体建构
DOI：
10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.502
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Marisa A. Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Travis L. Dixon;Kristopher Weeks;Marisa A. Smith
种族刻板印象充斥着当今的大众媒体。研究人员调查了这些刻板印象的普遍程度，从新闻到娱乐。黑人和拉丁裔的刻板印象引起了特别的关注，特别是因为他们歪曲了这些种族群体。从心理学和社会学的角度来看，这些歪曲都会影响人们对其种族群体和其他群体的看法。此外，一个种族群体缺乏代表性也会降低该群体在公众中的知名度。印第安人和亚裔美国人的情况就是如此。
鉴于大众媒体对黑人和拉丁裔刻板印象的广泛传播，大多数关于中介种族刻板印象的研究都集中在这两个群体上。例如，虽然黑人演员经常出现在黄金时段的电视节目中，但黑人女性在情景喜剧中出现的次数比其他任何类型的喜剧都多。此外，与白人演员相比，电视以更高的比例让黑人扮演邪恶或卑鄙的角色。在广告中，黑人女性经常表现出以欧洲为中心的特征，比如直发。另一方面，黑人男性则被塑造成失业、运动或演艺人员。在体育娱乐方面，记者强调白人运动员的智力和黑人运动员的运动能力。在音乐视频中，黑人男性显得咄咄逼人，肤色黝黑。这些音乐视频也让黑人女性变得性感，并倾向于强调肤色较浅的女性。新闻媒体过度报道了黑人的犯罪行为，夸大了黑人属于不配的贫穷阶层的观念。电子游戏往往把黑人角色描绘成暴力的不法之徒或健壮的运动员。
虽然大众媒体歪曲了黑人人口，但它往往既歪曲又低估了拉美裔人口。当拉美裔人出现在娱乐媒体上时，他们承担着高度性别化的角色和低职业的工作。新闻和娱乐媒体都过度报道了拉丁裔的犯罪行为。新闻媒体还过分地将拉美裔移民与犯罪联系在一起，并将拉美裔移民与经济威胁联系在一起。电子游戏很少刻画拉丁裔角色。
由于几个原因，创作者可能会创造刻板的内容，或者无法公平地代表种族和民族群体。首先，美国的种族指责话语可能会影响创作者有意识和无意识的决策过程。这一论述认为，少数民族和少数族裔要为自己的问题负责。第二，由于陈规定型观念吸引了大量的普通受众，而且容易被广大受众接受，因此对种族和族裔群体的歪曲有利于创收。这篇文章主要讨论了媒体对黑人和拉丁裔的描述，并解释了这种描述的含义。
Racial stereotypes flood today’s mass media. Researchers investigate these stereotypes’ prevalence, from news to entertainment. Black and Latino stereotypes draw particular concern, especially because they misrepresent these racial groups. From both psychological and sociological perspectives, these misrepresentations can influence how people view their racial group as well as other groups. Furthermore, a racial group’s lack of representation can also reduce the group’s visibility to the general public. Such is the case for Native Americans and Asian Americans.
Given mass media’s widespread distribution of black and Latino stereotypes, most research on mediated racial portrayals focuses on these two groups. For instance, while black actors and actresses appear often in prime-time televisions shows, black women appear more often in situational comedies than any other genre. Also, when compared to white actors and actresses, television casts blacks in villainous or despicable roles at a higher rate. In advertising, black women often display Eurocentric features, like straight hair. On the other hand, black men are cast as unemployed, athletic, or entertainers. In sports entertainment, journalists emphasize white athletes’ intelligence and black athletes’ athleticism. In music videos, black men appear threatening and sport dark skin tones. These music videos also sexualize black women and tend to emphasize those with light skin tones. News media overrepresent black criminality and exaggerate the notion that blacks belong to the undeserving poor class. Video games tend to portray black characters as either violent outlaws or athletic.
While mass media misrepresent the black population, it tends to both misrepresent and underrepresent the Latino population. When represented in entertainment media, Latinos assume hypersexualized roles and low-occupation jobs. Both news and entertainment media overrepresent Latino criminality. News outlets also overly associate Latino immigration with crime and relate Latino immigration to economic threat. Video games rarely portray Latino characters.
Creators may create stereotypic content or fail to fairly represent racial and ethnic groups for a few reasons. First, the ethnic blame discourse in the United States may influence creators’ conscious and unconscious decision-making processes. This discourse contends that the ethnic and racial minorities are responsible for their own problems. Second, since stereotypes appeal to and are easily processed by large general audiences, the misrepresentation of racial and ethnic groups facilitates revenue generation. This article largely discusses media representations of blacks and Latinos and explains the implications of such portrayals.