Environmental exposure of small children to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Environmental exposure of small children to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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DOI：
10.1007/s004200100239
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发表时间：
2001-08-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Emminger, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fiala, Z;Vyskocil, A;Emminger, S
目的：该研究的目的是评估多环芳烃（PAH）的摄入量（通过各种接触途径）的儿童生活在捷克城市，其对排泄的1-羟基芘（1-OHP）在夏季和冬季的影响。研究方法：选择了四组儿童（3-6岁）：（1）两组来自位于市中心交通密度较高（“污染”区）的幼儿园;（2）两组来自位于同一城市绿色区（“非污染”区）的幼儿园。记录所有儿童的食物消耗量，并估计食物中PAH的摄入量。从操场和幼儿园内收集了环境空气样本。还采集了土壤样本。在采样日采集早晨和晚上的尿液样本。结果如下：在这两个季节，平均室外总PAH浓度（12个单独的PAH的总和）在“污染”的地区是在“非污染”的地区约3倍。夏季“污染”区室内空气中的浓度比“非污染”区高出6倍以上，冬季则高出近3倍。芘和致癌物PAH的总和也观察到相同的趋势。食物摄入对芘总吸收剂量的贡献远大于吸入和土壤粉尘摄入。显着较高的尿浓度的1-OHP（晚上的样本）被发现在儿童从“污染”的幼儿园在两个季节。1-OHP与芘吸收剂量之间的显著相关性较弱。结论：食物似乎是幼儿总芘和总PAH摄入量的主要来源，即使在相对较高的空气PAH暴露在城市。估计从土壤中摄入的芘对芘总吸收剂量的贡献可以忽略不计。如果芘（PAH）对空气的污染不是过量的，并且通过该途径吸入的芘（PAH）剂量远低于摄入，那么尿1-OHP似乎是环境吸入暴露于芘（PAH）的不确定（不敏感）标志物。尿1-OHP作为PAH总体环境暴露指标的可行性需要进一步研究。
Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the intake (by various routes of exposure) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by children living in a Czech city, and its effect on excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in summer and winter periods. Methods: Four groups of children (3-6 years old) were chosen: (1) two groups from a kindergarten situated in the city center with a higher traffic density ("polluted" area); (2) two groups from a kindergarten situated in a green zone of the same city ("non-polluted" area). Food consumption was recorded in all children and PAH intake from foodstuffs was estimated. Ambient air samples were collected from the playground and inside the kindergartens. Soil samples were collected too. Morning and evening urine samples were collected during sampling days. Results: In both seasons, the mean outdoor total PAH concentration (sum of 12 individual PAH) in the "polluted" area was approximately three-times higher than that in the "non-polluted" area. Indoor concentration in the "polluted" area was more than six-times higher than that in the "non-polluted" area in summer, and almost three-times higher in winter. The same trend was observed for pyrene and for the sum of carcinogenic PAH. The contribution to the total pyrene absorbed dose from food consumption was much more important than that from inhalation and from ingestion of soil dust. Significantly higher urinary concentrations of 1-OHP (evening samples) were found in children from the "polluted" kindergarten in both seasons. The number of significant relationships between 1-OHP and pyrene absorbed dose was weak. Conclusions: Food seems to be the main source of total pyrene and total PAH intake in small children, even under relatively higher air PAH exposure in the city. Estimated pyrene ingestion from soil had a negligible contribution to the total pyrene absorbed dose. Urinary 1-OHP seems to be an uncertain (non-sensitive) marker of the environmental inhalation exposure to pyrene (PAH) if the pollution of air by pyrene (PAH) is not excessive and the pyrene (PAH) dose by this route is much less than by ingestion. Usefulness of the urinary 1-OHP as an indicator of overall environmental exposure to PAH needs further investigation.