D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube
D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04014
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发表时间：
2022-12
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
R. Abbasi;M. Ackermann;J. Adams;N. Aggarwal;J. Aguilar;M. Ahlers;J. Alameddine;A. A. Alves-A.;N. M. Amin;K. Andeen;T. Anderson;G. Anton;C. Arguelles;Y. Ashida;S. Athanasiadou;S. Axani;X. Bai;V. A.Balagopal;M. Baricevic;S. Barwick;V. Basu;R. Bay;J. Beatty;K. Becker;J. Tjus;J. Beise;C. Bellenghi;S. BenZvi;D. Berley;E. Bernardini;D. Besson;G. Binder;D. Bindig;E. Blaufuss;S. Blot;F. Bontempo;J. Book;J. Borowka;C. B. Meneguolo;S. Boser;O. Botner;J. Bottcher;E. Bourbeau;J. Braun;B. Brinson;J. Brostean-Kaiser;R. Burley;R. Busse;M. Campana;K. Carloni;E. Carnie-Bronca;C. Chen;Z. Chen;D. Chirkin;S. Choi;B. Clark;L. Classen;A. Coleman;G. Collin;A. Connolly;J. Conrad;P. Coppin;P. Correa;S. Countryman;D. Cowen;C. Dappen;P. Dave;C. Clercq;J. DeLaunay;D. L'opez;H. Dembinski;K. Deoskar;A. Desai;P. Desiati;K. D. Vries;G. Wasseige;T. DeYoung;A. Diaz;J. C. D'iaz-V'elez;M. Dittmer;A. Domi;H. Dujmovic;M. DuVernois;T. Ehrhardt;P. Eller;R. Engel;H. Erpenbeck;J. Evans;P. Evenson;K. L. Fan;A. Fazely;A. Fedynitch;N. Feigl;S. Fiedlschuster;A. Fienberg;C. Finley;L. Fischer;D. Fox;A. Franckowiak;E. Friedman;A. Fritz;P. Furst;T. Gaisser;J. Gallagher;E. Ganster;A. Garcia;S. Garrappa;L. Gerhardt;A. Ghadimi;C. Glaser;T. Glauch;T. Glusenkamp;N. Goehlke;J. G. Gonzalez;S. Goswami;D. Grant;S. J. Gray;T. Gr'egoire;S. Griffin;S. Griswold;C. Gunther;P. Gutjahr;C. Haack;A. Hallgren;R. Halliday;L. Halve;F. Halzen;H. Hamdaoui;M. H. Minh;K. Hanson;J. Hardin;A. Harnisch;P. Hatch;A. Haungs;K. Helbing;J. Hellrung;F. Henningsen;L. Heuermann;S. Hickford;A. Hidvégi;C. Hill;G. Hill;K. Hoffman;K. Hoshina;W. Hou;T. Huber;K. Hultqvist;Mirco Hünnefeld;R. Hussain;K. Hymon;S. In;N. Iovine;A. Ishihara;M. Jansson;G. Japaridze;M. Jeong;M. Jin;B. Jones;D. Kang;W. Kang;X. Kang;A. Kappes;D. Kappesser;L. Kardum;T. Karg;M. Karl;A. Karle;U. Katz;M. Kauer;J. Kelley;A. Kheirandish;K. Kin;J. Kiryluk;S. Klein;A. Kochocki;R. Koirala;H. Kolanoski;T. Kontrimas;L. Kopke;C. Kopper;D. Koskinen;P. Koundal;M. Kovacevich;M. Kowalski;T. Kozynets;K. Kruiswijk;E. Krupczak;A. Kumar;E. Kun;N. Kurahashi;N. Lad;C. L. Gualda;M. Lamoureux;M. Larson;F. Lauber;J. Lazar;J. Lee;K. L. DeHolton;A. Leszczy'nska;M. Lincetto;Q R Liu;M. Liubarska;E. Lohfink;C. Love;C. J. L. Mariscal;L. Lu;F. Lucarelli;A. Ludwig;W. Luszczak;Y. Lyu;W. Ma;J. Madsen;K. Mahn;Y. Makino;S. Mancina;W. M. Sainte;I. Marics;S. Márka;Z. Márka;M. Marsee;I. Martinez-Soler;R. Maruyama;F. Mayhew;T. McElroy;F. McNally;J. Mead;K. Meagher;S. Mechbal;A. Medina;M. Meier;S. Meighen-Berger;Y. Merckx;L. Merten;T. Meures;J. Micallef;D. Mockler;T. Montaruli;R. Moore;Y. Morii;R. Morse;M. Moulai;T. Mukherjee;R. Naab;R. Nagai;U. Naumann;J. Necker;M. Neumann;H. Niederhausen;M. U. Nisa;A. Noell;S. Nowicki;A. Pollmann;M. Oehler;B. Oeyen;A. Olivas;R. Orsoe;J. Osborn;E. O’Sullivan;H. Pandya;D. Pankova;N. Park;G. K. Parker;E. Paudel;L. Paul;C. P. D. L. Heros;J. Peterson;S. Philippen;S. Pieper;A. Pizzuto;M. Plum;Y. Popovych;M. Rodriguez;B. Pries;R. Procter-Murphy;G. Przybylski;C. Raab;J. Rack-Helleis;K. Rawlins;Z. Rechav;A. Rehman;P. Reichherzer;G. Renzi;E. Resconi;S. Reusch;W. Rhode;M. Richman;B. Riedel;E. Roberts;S. Robertson;S. Rodan;G. Roellinghoff;M. Rongen;C. Rott;T. Ruhe;L. Ruohan;D. Ryckbosch;S.Athanasiadou;I. Safa;J. Saffer;D. Salazar-Gallegos;P. Sampathkumar;S. Herrera;A. Sandrock;P. Sandstrom;M. Santander;S. Sarkar;J. Savelberg;P. Savina;M. Schaufel;H. Schieler;S. Schindler;B. Schluter;T. Schmidt;J. Schneider;F. Schroder;L. Schumacher;G. Schwefer;S. Sclafani;D. Seckel;S. Seunarine;A. Sharma;S. Shefali;N. Shimizu;S. Shimizu;M. Silva;B. Skrzypek;B. Smithers;R. Snihur;J. Soedingrekso;A. Søgaard;D. Soldin;C. Spannfellner;G. Spiczak;C. Spiering;M. Stamatikos;T. Stanev;R. Stein;T. Stezelberger;T. Sturwald;T. Stuttard;G. Sullivan;I. Taboada;S. Ter-Antonyan;W. Thompson;J. Thwaites;S. Tilav;K. Tollefson;C. Tonnis;S. Toscano;D. Tosi;A. Trettin;C. Tung;R. Turcotte;J. P. Twagirayezu;B. Ty;M. U. Elorrieta;K. Upshaw;N. Valtonen-Mattila;J. Vandenbroucke;N. Eijndhoven;D. Vannerom;J. Santen;J. Vara;J. Veitch-Michaelis;S. Verpoest;D. Veske;C. Walck;T. Watson;C. Weaver;J. Weber;P. Weigel;A. Weindl;J. Weldert;C. Wendt;J. Werthebach;M. Weyrauch;N. Whitehorn;C. Wiebusch;N. Willey;D. Williams;I. Wisher;M. Wolf;G. Wrede;J. Wulff;X. Xu;J. Yáñez;E. Yildizci;S. Yoshida;F. Yu;S. Yu;T. Yuan;Z. Zhang;P. Zhelnin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Abbasi;M. Ackermann;J. Adams;N. Aggarwal;J. Aguilar;M. Ahlers;J. Alameddine;A. A. Alves-A.;N. M. Amin;K. Andeen;T. Anderson;G. Anton;C. Arguelles;Y. Ashida;S. Athanasiadou;S. Axani;X. Bai;V. A.Balagopal;M. Baricevic;S. Barwick;V. Basu;R. Bay;J. Beatty;K. Becker;J. Tjus;J. Beise;C. Bellenghi;S. BenZvi;D. Berley;E. Bernardini;D. Besson;G. Binder;D. Bindig;E. Blaufuss;S. Blot;F. Bontempo;J. Book;J. Borowka;C. B. Meneguolo;S. Boser;O. Botner;J. Bottcher;E. Bourbeau;J. Braun;B. Brinson;J. Brostean-Kaiser;R. Burley;R. Busse;M. Campana;K. Carloni;E. Carnie-Bronca;C. Chen;Z. Chen;D. Chirkin;S. Choi;B. Clark;L. Classen;A. Coleman;G. Collin;A. Connolly;J. Conrad;P. Coppin;P. Correa;S. Countryman;D. Cowen;C. Dappen;P. Dave;C. Clercq;J. DeLaunay;D. L'opez;H. Dembinski;K. Deoskar;A. Desai;P. Desiati;K. D. Vries;G. Wasseige;T. DeYoung;A. Diaz;J. C. D'iaz-V'elez;M. Dittmer;A. Domi;H. Dujmovic;M. DuVernois;T. Ehrhardt;P. Eller;R. Engel;H. Erpenbeck;J. Evans;P. Evenson;K. L. Fan;A. Fazely;A. Fedynitch;N. Feigl;S. Fiedlschuster;A. Fienberg;C. Finley;L. Fischer;D. Fox;A. Franckowiak;E. Friedman;A. Fritz;P. Furst;T. Gaisser;J. Gallagher;E. Ganster;A. Garcia;S. Garrappa;L. Gerhardt;A. Ghadimi;C. Glaser;T. Glauch;T. Glusenkamp;N. Goehlke;J. G. Gonzalez;S. Goswami;D. Grant;S. J. Gray;T. Gr'egoire;S. Griffin;S. Griswold;C. Gunther;P. Gutjahr;C. Haack;A. Hallgren;R. Halliday;L. Halve;F. Halzen;H. Hamdaoui;M. H. Minh;K. Hanson;J. Hardin;A. Harnisch;P. Hatch;A. Haungs;K. Helbing;J. Hellrung;F. Henningsen;L. Heuermann;S. Hickford;A. Hidvégi;C. Hill;G. Hill;K. Hoffman;K. Hoshina;W. Hou;T. Huber;K. Hultqvist;Mirco Hünnefeld;R. Hussain;K. Hymon;S. In;N. Iovine;A. Ishihara;M. Jansson;G. Japaridze;M. Jeong;M. Jin;B. Jones;D. Kang;W. Kang;X. Kang;A. Kappes;D. Kappesser;L. Kardum;T. Karg;M. Karl;A. Karle;U. Katz;M. Kauer;J. Kelley;A. Kheirandish;K. Kin;J. Kiryluk;S. Klein;A. Kochocki;R. Koirala;H. Kolanoski;T. Kontrimas;L. Kopke;C. Kopper;D. Koskinen;P. Koundal;M. Kovacevich;M. Kowalski;T. Kozynets;K. Kruiswijk;E. Krupczak;A. Kumar;E. Kun;N. Kurahashi;N. Lad;C. L. Gualda;M. Lamoureux;M. Larson;F. Lauber;J. Lazar;J. Lee;K. L. DeHolton;A. Leszczy'nska;M. Lincetto;Q R Liu;M. Liubarska;E. Lohfink;C. Love;C. J. L. Mariscal;L. Lu;F. Lucarelli;A. Ludwig;W. Luszczak;Y. Lyu;W. Ma;J. Madsen;K. Mahn;Y. Makino;S. Mancina;W. M. Sainte;I. Marics;S. Márka;Z. Márka;M. Marsee;I. Martinez-Soler;R. Maruyama;F. Mayhew;T. McElroy;F. McNally;J. Mead;K. Meagher;S. Mechbal;A. Medina;M. Meier;S. Meighen-Berger;Y. Merckx;L. Merten;T. Meures;J. Micallef;D. Mockler;T. Montaruli;R. Moore;Y. Morii;R. Morse;M. Moulai;T. Mukherjee;R. Naab;R. Nagai;U. Naumann;J. Necker;M. Neumann;H. Niederhausen;M. U. Nisa;A. Noell;S. Nowicki;A. Pollmann;M. Oehler;B. Oeyen;A. Olivas;R. Orsoe;J. Osborn;E. O’Sullivan;H. Pandya;D. Pankova;N. Park;G. K. Parker;E. Paudel;L. Paul;C. P. D. L. Heros;J. Peterson;S. Philippen;S. Pieper;A. Pizzuto;M. Plum;Y. Popovych;M. Rodriguez;B. Pries;R. Procter-Murphy;G. Przybylski;C. Raab;J. Rack-Helleis;K. Rawlins;Z. Rechav;A. Rehman;P. Reichherzer;G. Renzi;E. Resconi;S. Reusch;W. Rhode;M. Richman;B. Riedel;E. Roberts;S. Robertson;S. Rodan;G. Roellinghoff;M. Rongen;C. Rott;T. Ruhe;L. Ruohan;D. Ryckbosch;S.Athanasiadou;I. Safa;J. Saffer;D. Salazar-Gallegos;P. Sampathkumar;S. Herrera;A. Sandrock;P. Sandstrom;M. Santander;S. Sarkar;J. Savelberg;P. Savina;M. Schaufel;H. Schieler;S. Schindler;B. Schluter;T. Schmidt;J. Schneider;F. Schroder;L. Schumacher;G. Schwefer;S. Sclafani;D. Seckel;S. Seunarine;A. Sharma;S. Shefali;N. Shimizu;S. Shimizu;M. Silva;B. Skrzypek;B. Smithers;R. Snihur;J. Soedingrekso;A. Søgaard;D. Soldin;C. Spannfellner;G. Spiczak;C. Spiering;M. Stamatikos;T. Stanev;R. Stein;T. Stezelberger;T. Sturwald;T. Stuttard;G. Sullivan;I. Taboada;S. Ter-Antonyan;W. Thompson;J. Thwaites;S. Tilav;K. Tollefson;C. Tonnis;S. Toscano;D. Tosi;A. Trettin;C. Tung;R. Turcotte;J. P. Twagirayezu;B. Ty;M. U. Elorrieta;K. Upshaw;N. Valtonen-Mattila;J. Vandenbroucke;N. Eijndhoven;D. Vannerom;J. Santen;J. Vara;J. Veitch-Michaelis;S. Verpoest;D. Veske;C. Walck;T. Watson;C. Weaver;J. Weber;P. Weigel;A. Weindl;J. Weldert;C. Wendt;J. Werthebach;M. Weyrauch;N. Whitehorn;C. Wiebusch;N. Willey;D. Williams;I. Wisher;M. Wolf;G. Wrede;J. Wulff;X. Xu;J. Yáñez;E. Yildizci;S. Yoshida;F. Yu;S. Yu;T. Yuan;Z. Zhang;P. Zhelnin
D-Egg是“第二代椭球玻璃中的双光学传感器”的首字母缩写，是为未来南极冰立方实验的扩展而设计的光学模块之一。D-Egg具有细长的球体形状，以最大限度地扩大对光子敏感的有效区域，同时保持较窄的直径，以降低在冰川上为深达2700米的光学模块钻部署孔所需的成本和时间。D-Egg的设计用于IceCube升级，这是IceCube项目的下一阶段，也被称为IceCube-Gen2第一阶段，将部署的近一半光学传感器是D-Egg。每个模块有两个8英寸高量子效率光电倍增管(PMT)，D-OGES提供了更大的有效面积，同时保留了IceCube数字光学模块(DOM)的成功设计。与波长相关的有效面积和切伦科夫发射光谱的卷积提供了比IceCube DOM大2.8倍的有效光探测灵敏度。两个PMT的信号都使用采样频率为240 MSPS的超低功耗14位模数转换器进行数字化，实现了灵活的事件触发，以及在10 ns内将单光子信号无缝无损地记录到超过200个光电子的多光子。D-鸡蛋的批量生产已经完成，在310个D-鸡蛋中，有277个用于升级冰立方。本文报道了D-鸡蛋的设计，以及在实验室中利用每个D-鸡蛋光学传感器模块中的内置数据采集系统测量了批量生产的D-鸡蛋的灵敏度和单光子对多光子的检测性能。
The D-Egg, an acronym for “Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,” is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 m. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 ns. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the design of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module.