Living with Sea-Level Rise and Climate Change: A Case Study of the Netherlands
Living with Sea-Level Rise and Climate Change: A Case Study of the Netherlands
复制标题
应对海平面上升和气候变化：荷兰案例研究
DOI：
10.2112/07a-0010.1
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. W. VanDerWeck
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. VanKoningsveld;J. Mulder;J. Mulder;M. J. Stive;L. Vandervalk;A. W. VanDerWeck
摘要基于历史的回顾，本文表明，海平面上升在荷兰低洼环境的发展中发挥了根本性的作用。在全新世中期，它在形态上是有益的，但从罗马时代开始，它对海岸带的演变和人类居住构成了威胁。早在世纪，人类的集体反应就开始在海岸演变中发挥作用，而其影响在19和20世纪开始成为一个主要因素。纵观历史，荷兰社会在应对许多与水有关的挑战时，一直乐于接受新技术、新方法和新政策。协调一致的人类反应的成功解释了为什么水委员会作为荷兰第一个民主机构是成功的。技术的发展和财政手段的增加（荷兰黄金时代）导致了越来越可行的防洪措施和填海工程，这些措施和工程的规模越来越大。这最终导致了大规模的工程，例如二十世纪的须德海和三角洲项目的关闭。在这个项目中，出现了一个思维的转折点;虽然防洪仍然是首要任务，但人类干预措施被认为是在更广泛、更全面的背景下进行的，自然价值与社会经济利益相权衡。面对21世纪的挑战，政策和管理办法以及科学和技术办法需要根据以跨学科方式与自然合作的原则进一步调整。这一调整的成功将在很大程度上决定整个荷兰社会的生存能力。
Abstract Based on historical hindsight, this paper shows that sea-level rise has played a fundamental role in the development of the low-lying environment of the Netherlands. It was beneficial in morphological terms during the mid-Holocene, but from Roman times, it has been a threat to the coastal zone evolution and human habitation. Collective human response started to play a role in coastal evolution as early as the ninth century, while its influence started to become a major factor during the nineteenth and twentieth century. Throughout its history, Dutch society has always been receptive to new technologies, approaches, and policies in its dealings with the many water-related challenges. The success of concerted human response explains why the water boards were successful as the first democratic institutions in the Netherlands. Development of technology and increasing financial means (the Dutch Golden Age) gave rise to increasingly viable flood abatement measures and reclamation projects, which took place on increasingly larger scales. This culminated in large-scale works such as the closure of the Zuiderzee and the Delta Project in the twentieth century. During this project, a turning point in thinking emerged; while flood protection remained a top priority, human interventions were considered in a broader, more holistic context with natural values being weighed against socioeconomic interests. In the face of the challenges of the twenty-first century, policy and management approaches as well as science and technology approaches need to be adapted further in accordance to the principles of working with nature in a trans-disciplinary way. The success of this adaptation will to a large extent determine the viability of the Dutch society as a whole.