Introduction: Celebrating the Centenary of the Howard League for Penal Reform and the Howard Journal
Introduction: Celebrating the Centenary of the Howard League for Penal Reform and the Howard Journal
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简介：庆祝霍华德刑法改革联盟和霍华德杂志一百周年
DOI：
10.1111/hojo.12451
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
ANDERSON C
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作者：
ANDERSON C
克莱尔·安德森是莱斯特大学历史学教授；杰斯·凯贝尔是莱斯特大学ESRC博士生；史蒂文·金是诺丁汉·特伦特大学的经济和社会史教授。1866年，霍华德协会由威廉·塔拉克在布劳厄姆勋爵的赞助下创立，成立时间长达55年，目的是“推广最有效的刑罚待遇和预防犯罪的手段”(霍华德协会1867)。可以说，威廉·塔拉克是该组织早期历史上最重要的人。35年来，Tallack不仅对霍华德协会的创建起到了关键作用，而且他还帮助该组织成为当时最重要和最有效的刑罚改革组织之一。在1866年之前，他在刑罚改革领域就已经很有名气了。例如，他是废除死刑协会的成员，并在皇家死刑委员会面前作证。这意味着塔拉克与参与刑罚改革运动的其他人有预先存在的关系，这为霍华德协会强大的成员基础提供了便利，包括通过感兴趣的议员进入议会。因此，霍华德协会处于有利地位，可以发起变革运动，并在议会会议上向政府请愿。在Tallack于1901年退休后，又有三位任期相对较短的秘书：爱德华·格拉布(1901-1906)、托马斯·福尔摩斯(1906-1916)和塞西尔·利森(Cecil Leeson)(1916-1921)。1921年，玛格丽·弗莱在对该组织来说非常重要的一年成为秘书。这是因为2021年是霍华德刑罚改革联盟成立一百周年。它由霍华德协会和刑罚改革联盟合并而成，于1921年6月3日以新名称举行了第一次会议。这两个组织都以其刑法改革努力而闻名，但它们自己无法实现它们所希望的牵引力。Rose(1961)认为，这是由于货币和
Clare Anderson is Professor of History, University of Leicester; Jess Kebbell is ESRC PhD candidate, University of Leicester; Steven King is Professor of Economic and Social History, Nottingham Trent UniversityIn 1866, the Howard Association, as it would be known for 55 years, was created by William Tallack, under the patronage of Lord Brougham, for the purpose of ‘promoting the most efficient means of penal treatment and crime prevention’(Howard Association 1867). It could be argued that William Tallack was the most important person in the early history of the organisation. Secretary for 35 years, not only was Tallack pivotal to the Howard Association’s creation, but he was instrumental in making the organisation one of the most important and effective penal reform organisations of its time. He was already well known in the area of penal reform before 1866. For example, he was a member of the Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment and gave evidence before the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment. This meant that Tallack had pre-existing relationships with others involved in the penal reform movement, something that facilitated the Howard Association’s strong membership base, including access to parliament through interested MPs. Therefore, the Howard Association was in a good position to campaign for change and petition the government in parliamentary sessions. After Tallack’s retirement in 1901, there were a further three relatively short-term secretaries: Edward Grubb from 1901 to 1906; Thomas Holmes from 1906 to 1916; and Cecil Leeson from 1916 to 1921. In 1921, Margery Fry became secretary in what was a very important year for the organisation. This is because 2021 marks the centenary of the founding of the Howard League for Penal Reform. Created by a merger between the Howard Association and the Penal Reform League, it held a first meeting under its new name on 3 June 1921. Both organisations had been well known for their penal reform efforts but could not by themselves achieve the traction that they hoped for. Rose (1961) argues that this was due to monetary and