Brazils fertility decline 1965-95: a fresh look at key factors.
Brazils fertility decline 1965-95: a fresh look at key factors.
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1965-95 年巴西生育率下降：重新审视关键因素。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Martine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Martine
结论是，在巴西政府引导的快速现代化进程中，生育率下降。其原因是控制生育率的动机增加，以及卫生和社会保障体制变化的间接影响。20世纪60年代中期，军事政权引入了制度上的社会变革。大众传媒也影响社会行为。堕胎率和绝育率很高。使用这些方法是因为态度、政策和主要权力经纪人不断变化的议程的相互作用，限制了其他有效避孕措施的可用性。生育率下降还归因于快速城市化，而城市化又催化了其他因素。巴西政府从未制定过生育控制政策或人口目标。人口控制机构通过宣传小家庭的好处和建立有利于控制生育的气氛，产生了重要的间接影响。有人认为，巴西生育率下降表明，在快速社会变革的背景下，“间接影响和意想不到的后果”可能导致生育率下降。一个警告是，当获得各种避孕方法的机会受到限制时，可能会产生严重的负面健康后果。影响节育动机的研究较少的领域被确定为性别关系的变化、婚姻模式、代际资源转移、劳动力参与、家庭组成和城市化。本文回顾了有关生育率下降的文献，因为它与1)直接决定因素2)主要社会行动者（政府，天主教会，妇女团体，国际人口游说团体和地方代表以及卫生专业人员）3)现代化和社会经济因素4)经济压力，不平等和贫困5)“生育率的直接结构决定因素”和6)城市转型有关。
It is concluded that during Brazils rapid government-induced modernization fertility declined. The reasons were increased motivation to control fertility and the indirect effects of institutional changes in health and social security. Social changes in institutions were introduced by the military regime in the mid-1960s. Mass media also influenced social behavior. There were high abortion and sterilization rates. These methods were used because of the interplay of attitudes policies and changing agendas of key power brokers that limited availability of other effective contraception. Fertility decline is also attributed to rapid urbanization which catalyzed other factors. The Brazilian government never had fertility control policies or population targets. The population control establishment had an important indirect influence by spreading awareness of the advantages of small family size and by establishing a climate conducive to fertility control. It is posited that Brazilian fertility decline illustrates that "indirect impacts and unintended consequences" in the context of rapid social change can bring about fertility decline. One caveat is that serious negative health consequences are possible when access to a wide variety of contraceptive methods is limited. Less researched areas which affected motivation for birth control are identified as changes in gender relations marital patterns intergenerational transfers of resources labor force participation household composition and urbanization. This article reviews the literature on fertility decline as it is related to 1) proximate determinants 2) key social actors (the government the Catholic Church womens groups the international population lobby and local representatives and health professionals) 3) modernization and socioeconomic factors 4) economic pressure inequalities and poverty 5) "proximate structural determinants of fertility" and 6) the urban transition.