The Diverse Worlds of European Patriarchy
The Diverse Worlds of European Patriarchy
复制标题
欧洲父权制的多元化世界
DOI：
10.1068/a261174
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Duncan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Duncan
女性从属于男性的性别分工显然在人类历史上几乎是普遍存在的。然而，与此同时，处于不同社会环境和不同社会的妇女在她们的经历和她们与男子的关系方面表现出巨大的差异。从属如何发生，到什么程度，在生活的哪些领域，以及有什么影响，都可以有很大的不同。即使在相对较小的西欧国家集团中，只要看看现在和最近的过去，我们就可以看到两性不平等和两性关系方面的巨大差异。具有讽刺意味的是，虽然在正式机构一级的政治和经济一体化是一种趋势，但男子和妇女生活的社会条件仍然差别很大。这期和即将出版的主题期刊《欧洲父权制的多样世界》的重点是描述西欧性别分工的地理差异，并提出如何解释这些差异。在这期主题期刊中，我们开始采取广泛的比较立场，试图绘制理论和经验的行动领域。我开始要问的是，我们如何能够保持一种结构性原因和决心的感觉，同时又能适应各种情况，包括妇女的行动造成的两性不平等的差异。我认为，沃尔比的多维父权制理论的发展，结合斯堪的纳维亚的性别契约的想法，可以提供这种灵活性。Perrons随后在欧共体政策（如社会章节）和旨在补偿经济一体化的不均衡影响，特别是试图纠正男女不平等的各种国家政策传统的背景下，衡量了欧共体国家有偿工作中的性别不平等。她发现，那些有更正式的促进平等的监管框架的国家，如丹麦，在鼓励性别平等方面取得了更大的成功，而那些主要以市场为基础的政策，如英国，记录相对较差。下一组作者更仔细地研究了劳动力市场中性别不平等的社会结构。Stratigaki和Vaiou研究了妇女的工作是如何被严重低估的，除非特别关注传统定义的"有薪劳动"之外的工作，如家庭农场的家庭生产或家庭工作、非正式有薪工作、无薪家务工作和护理。这些形式的工作在南欧特别重要，因为南欧提供的公共服务水平低，雇佣劳动力的发展也较弱，但在整个欧洲，这种工作的重要性可能会增加。具有讽刺意味的是，这意味着欧洲单一市场--以正式工作场所的有薪工作为基础--可能会加剧性别不平等。福斯伯格转向瑞典，在欧洲福利资本主义的另一个极端，并与一个官方的平等机会政策框架。瑞典可以被称为“女性友好”吗？在普遍存在的公共托儿系统的支持下，妇女几乎与男子一样参加有正式报酬的工作，工资差距已经缩小，并且有可能将职业和母亲身份联合收割机结合起来。因此，尽管瑞典是欧洲女性参与率最高的国家，但它也是生育率最高的国家之一。男性也更多地参与儿童保育，有些人更重视家庭而不是职业。但与此同时，瑞典仍然
Gender divisions in which women are subordinate to men are apparently almost universal in human history. At the same time, however, women in different social circumstances, and in different societies, show an immense divergence in their experiences and in their relations to men. How subordination occurs, to what degree, in what areas of life, and with what effects, all can differ substantially. Even among the relatively small group of Western European countries, just looking at the present and recent past, we see substantial differences in gender inequalities and gender relations. Ironically, although the trend is towards political and economic integration at the level of formal institutions, the social conditions under which men and women live remain highly differentiated. The focus in this and a forthcoming theme issue on The diverse worlds of European patriarchy is to describe these geographical variations in gender divisions in Western Europe and to suggest how they might be explained.In this theme issue we begin by taking a wide comparative stance in attempting to chart the theoretical and empirical field of action. I begin by asking how we can retain a sense of structural cause and determination, yet at the same time accommodate differences in gender inequality resulting from various contexts, including action on the part of women. I suggest that a development of Walby's multidimensional theorisation of patriarchy, integrated with Scandinavian ideas of the gender contract, could provide this flexibility. Perrons follows by measuring gender inequality in paid work in the EC countries, in the context of both EC policy (such as the Social Chapter) and varying national policy traditions which are aimed at compensating for the uneven effects of economic integration and, in particular, attempt to redress inequality between men and women. She finds that those countries with more formal regulatory frameworks promoting equality, such as Denmark, have greater success in encouraging gender equality, whereas those with largely marketbased policies, as Britain, have a relatively poor record. The next group of authors look more closely at the social construction of gender inequalities in labour markets. Stratigaki and Vaiou examine how women's work is heavily underestimated unless special attention is paid to work outside traditionally defined'waged labour', such as household production in family farms or home working, informal paid work, unpaid domestic work, and caring. These forms of work are of particular importance in Southern Europe, with low levels of public service provision and a weaker development of wage labour, but are likely to increase in importance across Europe. Ironically, this means that the Single European Market—which is predicated upon waged work in formal workplaces—will probably increase gender inequalities. Forsberg turns to Sweden, at the other extreme of European welfare capitalism and with an official equal-opportunities policy framework. Can Sweden be called'women friendly'? Women have almost the same participation rate in formal paid work as men, supported by a pervasive public child-care system, the wage gap has diminished, and it is possible to combine career and motherhood. So although Sweden shows the highest female participation rate in Europe, it also has one of the highest fertility rates. Men also take more part in child care and some value family over career. But at the same time, Sweden remains