Long-term changes in the diet of pike (Esox lucius), the top aquatic predator in a changing Windermere Long-term changes in pike diet
Long-term changes in the diet of pike (Esox lucius), the top aquatic predator in a changing Windermere Long-term changes in pike diet
复制标题
梭子鱼（Esox lucius）饮食的长期变化，梭子鱼是温德米尔不断变化的顶级水生捕食者 梭子鱼饮食的长期变化
DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02607.x
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
WINFIELD I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
WINFIELD I
1.梭子鱼（Esox lucius）是北温带许多淡水中的一种关键和灵活的鱼类动物，但之前没有研究提供其饮食以应对不断变化的环境条件的连续长期视角。在这里，我们描述了1976年至2009年在英国温德米尔湖南北盆地的冬季饮食，气候变化，富营养化和物种引入共同导致了鱼类群落的根本变化。对6637条成年梭子鱼（叉长390至1090毫米）进行了检查，发现它们共捕食了4436条鱼类，其中98%的个体可识别为物种，包括本地北极鲑（Salvelinus alpinus）、褐鳟（Salmo trutta）、鲈鱼（Perca fluviatilis）、梭子鱼和非本地蟑螂（Rutilus Rutilus）。在34年的研究期间，鲑科鱼类北极鲑和褐鳟的饮食重要性下降，而鲈鱼、梭子鱼，尤其是鲤科蟑螂的饮食重要性增加。这些变化在富营养化程度较高的南盆地尤为明显。上述物种对梭子鱼饮食组成的贡献的时间趋势具有相当大的总体影响。在20世纪70年代，梭子鱼的饮食成分主要是北极鲑和褐鳟，它们总共占饮食的94%。相比之下，在2000年代，这两个物种仅占饮食的55%，鲈鱼和蟑螂现在占41%。最近在温德米尔鱼类群落中观察到的本地鲑科鱼类减少和鲤科鱼类增加的变化与普遍预期的北部温带气候变化的影响是一致的。在这里，我们已经证明了它们导致了梭子鱼饮食组成的相应变化。反过来，这可能会通过缩短从初级生产者到顶级水生捕食者的食物链长度来影响湖泊的食物网结构。
1. Pike (Esox lucius) is a key and flexible piscivore in many fresh waters of the northern temperate zone, but no previous studies have provided a continuous long‐term perspective on its diet in response to changing environmental conditions. Here, we describe its winter diet from 1976 to 2009 in the North and South Basins of the lake of Windermere, U.K., where climate change, eutrophication and species introductions have combined to induce fundamental changes in the fish community.2. A total of 6637 adult pike (fork length 390 to 1090 mm) was examined and found to have consumed a total of 4436 fish prey of which 98% of individuals identifiable to species comprised native Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), brown trout (Salmo trutta), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pike and non‐native roach (Rutilus rutilus). Over the 34‐year study period, the dietary importance of the salmonids Arctic charr and brown trout decreased, while that of the percid perch, the esocid pike and particularly the cyprinid roach increased. These changes were particularly marked in the more eutrophicated South Basin of the lake.3. The above chronological trends in species‐specific contributions to the diet composition of pike had considerable overall impacts. In the 1970s, pike diet composition was dominated by Arctic charr and brown trout which together comprised 94% of the diet. In contrast, in the 2000s, these two species accounted for just 55% of the diet, with perch and roach now comprising 41%.4. Recent changes observed in the Windermere fish community of a decrease in native salmonids and an increase in cyprinids are consistent with the generally expected effects of climate change in the northern temperature zone. Here, we have shown that they have led to corresponding changes in the diet composition of pike. In turn, this may have implications for lake’s food web structure through shortening food chain length from the primary producers to the top aquatic predator.