Increasing Vaccination: Putting Psychological Science Into Action
Increasing Vaccination: Putting Psychological Science Into Action
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DOI：
10.1177/1529100618760521
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发表时间：
2017-12-01
影响因子：
25.4
通讯作者：
Kempe, Allison
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Brewer, Noel T.;Chapman, Gretchen B.;Kempe, Allison
疫苗接种是世纪的伟大成就之一，但持续存在的公共卫生问题包括疫苗接种不足、延迟和不稳定。心理学为理解和干预提供了三个一般性主张，以增加疫苗的可获得性和可负担性。第一个命题是，思想和感情可以激励接种疫苗。数百项研究表明，对传染病的风险信念和预期遗憾与接种疫苗可靠相关;对疫苗有效性的信心不足和对安全性的担忧与不接种疫苗可靠相关。我们惊讶地发现，很少有随机试验成功地改变了人们对疫苗的看法和感受，而那些成功的少数试验在增加疫苗接种方面的效果微乎其微。第二个命题是，社会过程可以激励接种疫苗。大量研究表明，社会规范与疫苗接种有关，但很少有干预措施检查规范性信息是否会增加疫苗接种率。许多实验研究都依赖于假设的场景来证明利他主义和搭便车（即，利用他人提供的保护）可能会影响预期的行为，但很少有随机试验测试了改变社会进程以增加疫苗接种的策略。第三个建议是，干预措施可以通过利用而不是试图改变人们的想法和感受来直接促进疫苗接种。这些干预措施是迄今为止文献中最丰富和最有效的。为了提高疫苗接种率，这些干预措施建立在现有的有利意图之上，通过促进行动（通过提醒、提示和启动）和减少障碍（通过物流和健康默认）;这些干预措施还塑造行为（通过激励、制裁和要求）。虽然确定改变思想和感情以激励接种疫苗的原则是一项正在进行的工作，但心理学原则现在可以为系统和政策的设计提供信息，以直接促进行动。
Vaccination is one of the great achievements of the 20th century, yet persistent public-health problems include inadequate, delayed, and unstable vaccination uptake. Psychology offers three general propositions for understanding and intervening to increase uptake where vaccines are available and affordable. The first proposition is that thoughts and feelings can motivate getting vaccinated. Hundreds of studies have shown that risk beliefs and anticipated regret about infectious disease correlate reliably with getting vaccinated; low confidence in vaccine effectiveness and concern about safety correlate reliably with not getting vaccinated. We were surprised to find that few randomized trials have successfully changed what people think and feel about vaccines, and those few that succeeded were minimally effective in increasing uptake. The second proposition is that social processes can motivate getting vaccinated. Substantial research has shown that social norms are associated with vaccination, but few interventions examined whether normative messages increase vaccination uptake. Many experimental studies have relied on hypothetical scenarios to demonstrate that altruism and free riding (i.e., taking advantage of the protection provided by others) can affect intended behavior, but few randomized trials have tested strategies to change social processes to increase vaccination uptake. The third proposition is that interventions can facilitate vaccination directly by leveraging, but not trying to change, what people think and feel. These interventions are by far the most plentiful and effective in the literature. To increase vaccine uptake, these interventions build on existing favorable intentions by facilitating action (through reminders, prompts, and primes) and reducing barriers (through logistics and healthy defaults); these interventions also shape behavior (through incentives, sanctions, and requirements). Although identification of principles for changing thoughts and feelings to motivate vaccination is a work in progress, psychological principles can now inform the design of systems and policies to directly facilitate action.