The immunologists' debt to the chicken
The immunologists' debt to the chicken
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DOI：
10.1080/0007166031000085364
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发表时间：
2003-01-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Davison, TF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Davison, TF
1. 鸡的免疫系统是研究基础免疫学的宝贵模型，对免疫学的基本原理做出了开创性的贡献。移植物抗宿主反应和淋巴细胞在适应性免疫中的关键作用在鸡胚胎和鸡的研究中首次被描述。最值得注意的是，法氏囊提供了淋巴细胞有两种主要谱系的第一个实质性证据。法氏囊衍生淋巴细胞或B细胞产生抗体，而胸腺衍生淋巴细胞或T细胞参与细胞介导的免疫反应。基因转换是鸡产生抗体库的机制，首次在鸡身上被描述，并且需要独特的法氏囊环境。后来的研究表明，一些哺乳动物也使用基因转换。鸡的主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）是第一个被测序的非哺乳动物MHC，它是最小的，紧凑的，比哺乳动物的小20倍。独特的是，鸡的MHC与对传染病的抵抗力密切相关。第一个减毒疫苗是由路易斯·巴斯德研制出来的，用来对付鸡病原体——家禽霍乱，而第一个对付自然发生的癌症病原体——马立克氏病病毒的疫苗是为鸡研制出来的。在孵化后第18天接种鸡胚疫苗，这是利用鸡的另一项突破，可在孵化后早期提供保护。在蛋鸡中接种疫苗现在被家禽业广泛采用。广泛和密集的疫苗接种可导致对某些病原体（如马立克氏病病毒和传染性法氏囊病病毒）的毒力增加，这一证据最初是在鸡群中描述的。它警告说，未来需要制定更可持续的疫苗接种策略，并为包括人类在内的其他物种提供有用的经验教训。重组DNA技术现在为合理设计新疫苗提供了机会。这种疫苗可能含有来自几种病原体的保护性免疫原性成分和免疫调节分子，以指导和增强免疫反应，从而提供更好的保护。重要的是设计出可持续的疫苗，不会使病原体的毒力不断增强。
1. The immune system of the chicken is an invaluable model for studying basic immunology and has made seminal contributions to fundamental immunological principles. Graft versus host responses and the key role of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity were first described in work with chicken embryos and chickens.2. Most notably, the bursa of Fabricius provided the first substantive evidence that there are two major lineages of lymphocytes. Bursal-derived lymphocytes, or B cells, make antibodies while thymus-derived, or T cells, are involved in cell-mediated immune responses.3. Gene conversion, the mechanism used by the chicken to produce its antibody repertoire, was first described in the chicken and requires the unique environment of the bursa. Subsequently it has been shown that some mammals also use gene conversion.4. The chicken's Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), the first non-mammalian MHC to be sequenced, is minimal, compact and some 20-fold smaller than that of mammals. Uniquely, the chicken MHC is strongly associated with resistance to infectious diseases.5. The first attenuated vaccine was developed by Louis Pasteur against a chicken pathogen, fowl cholera, and the first vaccine against a natural occurring cancer agent, Marek's disease virus, was developed for the chicken.6. Vaccination of chick embryos on the 18th d of incubation, another breakthrough using chickens, provides protection early after hatching. In ovo vaccination now is widely practised by the poultry industry.7. Evidence that widespread and intensive vaccination can lead to increased virulence with some pathogens, such as Marek's disease virus and infectious bursal disease virus, was first described with chicken populations. It warns of the need to develop more sustainable vaccination strategies in future and provides useful lessons for other species, including in the human population.8. Recombinant DNA technologies now provide the opportunity for the rational design of new vaccines. Such vaccines could contain the protective immunogenic elements from several pathogens and immunomodulatory molecules to direct and enhance immune responses so providing improved protection. The important thing will be to design vaccines that are sustainable and do not drive pathogens to ever-increasing virulence.