Sociocognitive development in chimpanzees: A synthesis of laboratory work and fieldwork
Sociocognitive development in chimpanzees: A synthesis of laboratory work and fieldwork
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DOI：
10.1007/4-431-30248-4_1
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
人类的思想是进化的产物，身体和社会也是如此。什么是人性？什么是人类独有的？我们从哪里来？为了回答这些问题，我一直在研究黑猩猩。黑猩猩是与人类最接近的现存物种。两个物种之间超过98.7%的DNA序列是相同的（The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium 2005）。大脑是人类认知和行为的中心。许多学科，如神经科学，生理学，解剖学和分子生物学，都在试图了解大脑的结构和功能。其他学科，如计算机科学，人工智能和机器人技术，正试图创建功能类似于人类大脑的系统。虽然这些努力都很重要，但可能仍然存在一个重要的问题：即人类大脑为什么以及如何进化。这个问题是关于人类思想的进化基础，换句话说，它的历史。大脑是一种软组织，所以它不能像骨骼和牙齿一样保存在化石中。尼安德特人（Homo neanderthalensis）生活在大约3万年前，北京人（Homo erectus）生活在几十万年前。如果我们能调查这些原始人，那将提供许多关于人类本性和进化变化的信息。我们可以通过化石和附近的一些遗迹在一定程度上了解它们。然而，你不能轻易地从这些残体中进入思想。你必须观察和比较生物体，以了解人类物种的独特性（图1）。
The human mind is a product of evolution, as are the body and society. What is human nature? What is uniquely human? Where did we come from? To answer these questions, I have been studying chimpanzees. The chimpanzee is the closest living species to the human. More than 98.7% of the DNA sequence is the same between the two species (The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium 2005).The brain is the center of human cognition and behavior. Many disciplines, such as neuroscience, physiology, anatomy, and molecular biology, are trying to understand the structure and function of the brain. Other disciplines, such as computer science, artificial intelligence, and robotics, are trying to create systems functioning similarly to the human brain. Although these efforts are all important, there might remain one important question: namely, why and how the human brain evolved. This question is about the evolutionary basis of the human mind, in other words, its history. The brain is a soft tissue, so that it cannot remain in fossils as do bones and teeth. Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis) lived up to about 30,000 years ago, and Beijing man (Homo erectus) lived several hundred thousand years ago. If we could investigate these hominids, that would provide much information about human nature and evolutionary changes. We can know about them to some extent through the fossils and some other nearby remains. However, you cannot easily access the mind from these relicts. You have to look at and compare the living organisms to understand the unique character of the human species (Fig. 1).